原因是类型不对，这里需要一个'string[]类型，而price不是string[]，遇到中情况，angualr响应式表单中

hasError第二个参数其实需要的是
string[]，但是用string类型并不会报错

formModel.hasError('min', 'price'）

而ng build --port可能会报错，所以如下修改即可

formModel.hasError('min', ['price']）

原因是类型不对，这里需要一个'string[]类型，而price不是string[]，遇到中情况，angualr响应式表单中 hasError第二个参数其实需要的是string[]，但是用string类型并不会报错formModel.hasError('min', 'price'）而ng build --port可能会报错，所以如下修改即可formModel.hasError('m T able of Contents If you're viewing this document online, you can click any of the topics below to link directly to that section. 1. Tutorial tips 2 2. Introducing the JavaMail API 3 3. Reviewing related pr otocols 4 4. Installing JavaMail 6 5. Reviewing the core classes 8 6. Using the JavaMail API 13 7. Searching with SearchTerm 21 8. Exercises 22 9. Wrapup 32 Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 1 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Section 1. Tutorial tips Should I take this tutorial? Looking to incorporate mail facilities into your platform-independent Java solutions? Look no further than the JavaMail API, which offers a pr otocol-independent model for working with IMAP, POP, SMTP, MIME, and all those other Internet-related messaging pr otocols. With the help of the JavaBeans Activation Framework (JAF), your applications can now be mail-en able d through the JavaMail API. Concepts After completing this module you will understand the: * Basics of the Internet mail pr otocols SMTP, POP3, IMAP, and MIME * Architecture of the JavaMail framework * Connections between the JavaMail API and the JavaBeans Activation Framework Objectives By the end of this module you will be able to: * Send and read mail using the JavaMail API * Deal with sending and receiving attachments * Work with HTML messages * Use search terms to search for messages Pr erequisites Instructions on how to download and install the JavaMail API are contained in the course. In addition, you will need a development environment such as the JDK 1.1.6+ or the Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE) 1.2.x or 1.3.x. A general familiarity with object-oriented pr ogramming concepts and the Java pr ogramming language is necessary. The Java language essentials tutorial can help. copyright 1996-2000 Magelang Institute dba jGuru Contact jGuru has been dedicated to pr omoting the growth of the Java technology community through evangelism, education, and software since 1995. You can find out more about their activities, including their huge collection of FAQs at jGuru.com . To send feedback to jGuru about this course, send mail to pr oducer@jguru.com . Course author: Formerly with jGuru.com , John Zukowski does strategic Java consulting for JZ Ventures, Inc. His latest book is titled Java Collections from A pr ess . Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 2 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Section 2. Introducing the JavaMail API What is the JavaMail API? The JavaMail API is an optional package (standard extension) for reading, composing, and sending electronic messages. You use the package to create Mail User Agent (MUA) type pr ograms, similar to Eudora, pine, and Microsoft Outlook. The API's main purpose is not for transporting, delivering, and forwarding messages; this is the purview of applications such as sendmail and other Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) type pr ograms. MUA- type pr ograms let users read and write e-mail, whereas MUAs rely on MTAs to handle the actual delivery. The JavaMail API is designed to pr ovide pr otocol-independent access for sending and receiving messages by dividing the API into two parts: The first part of the API is the focus of this course --basically, how to send and receive messages independent of the pr ovider/ pr otocol. The second part speaks the pr otocol-specific languages, like SMTP, POP, IMAP, and NNTP. With the JavaMail API, in order to communicate with a server, you need a pr ovider for a pr otocol. The creation of pr otocol-specific pr oviders is not covered in this course because Sun pr ovides a sufficient set for free. Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 3 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Section 3. Reviewing related pr otocols Introduction Before looking into the JavaMail API specifics, let's step back and take a look at the pr otocols used with the API. There are basically four that you'll come to know and love: * SMTP * POP * IMAP * MIME You will also run across NNTP and some others. Understanding the basics of all the pr otocols will help you understand how to use the JavaMail API. While the API is designed to be pr otocol agnostic, you can't overcome the limitations of the underlying pr otocols. If a capability isn't supported by a chosen pr otocol, the JavaMail API doesn't magically add the capability on top of it. (As you'll soon see, this can be a pr oblem when working with POP.) The Simple Mail Transfer Pr otocol (SMTP) is defined by RFC 821 . It defines the mechanism for delivery of e-mail. In the context of the JavaMail API, your JavaMail-based pr ogram will communicate with your company or Internet Serv ice Pr ovider's (ISP's) SMTP server. That SMTP server will relay the message on to the SMTP server of the recipient(s) to eventually be acquired by the user(s) through POP or IMAP. This does not require your SMTP server to be an open relay, as authentication is supported, but it is your responsibility to ensure the SMTP server is configured pr operly. There is nothing in the JavaMail API for tasks like configuring a server to relay messages or to add and remove e-mail accounts. POP stands for Post Off ice Pr otocol. Currently in version 3, also known as POP3, RFC 1939 defines this pr otocol. POP is the mechanism most people on the Internet use to get their mail. It defines support for a single mailbox for each user. That is all it does, and that is also the source of a lot of confusion. Much of what people are familiar with when using POP, like the ability to see how many new mail messages they have, are not supported by POP at all. These capabilities are built into pr ograms like Eudora or Microsoft Outlook, which remember things like the last mail received and calculate how many are new for you. So, when using the JavaMail API, if you want this type of information, you have to calculate it yourself. IMAP is a more advanced pr otocol for receiving messages. Defined in RFC 2060 , IMAP stands for Internet Message Access Pr otocol, and is currently in version 4, also known as IMAP4. When using IMAP, your mail server must support the pr otocol. You can't just change your pr ogram to use IMAP instead of POP and expect everything in IMAP to be supported. Assuming your mail server supports IMAP, your JavaMail-based pr ogram can take Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 4 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks advantage of users having multiple folders on the server and these folders can be shared by multiple users. Due to the more advanced capabilities, you might think IMAP would be used by everyone. It isn't. It places a much heavier burden on the mail server, requiring the server to receive the new messages, deliver them to users when requested, and maintain them in multiple folders for each user. While this does centralize backups, as users' long-term mail folders get larger and larger, everyone suffers when disk space is exhausted. With POP, saved messages get offloaded from the mail server. MIME stands for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions. It is not a mail transfer pr otocol. Instead, it defines the content of what is transferred: the format of the messages, attachments, and so on. There are many different documents that take effect here: RFC 822 , RFC 2045 , RFC 2046 , and RFC 2047 . As a user of the JavaMail API, you usually don't need to worry about these formats. However, these formats do exist and are used by your pr ograms. NNTP and others Because of the split of the JavaMail API between pr ovider and everything else, you can easily add support for additional pr otocols. Sun maintains a list of third-party pr oviders that take advantage of pr otocols for which Sun does not pr ovide out-of-the-box support. You'll find support for NNTP (Network News Transport Pr otocol) [newsgroups], S/MIME (Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions), and more. Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 5 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Section 4. Installing JavaMail Introduction There are two versions of the JavaMail API commonly used today: 1.2 and 1.1.3. All the examples in this course will work with both. While 1.2 is the latest, 1.1.3 is the version included with the 1.2.1 version of the Java 2 Platform, Enter pr ise Edition (J2EE), so it is still commonly used. The version of the JavaMail API you want to use affects what you download and install. All will work with JDK 1.1.6+, Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE) version 1.2.x, and J2SE version 1.3.x. Note: After installing Sun's JavaMail implementation, you can find many example pr ograms in the demo directory. Installing JavaMail 1.2 To use the JavaMail 1.2 API, download the JavaMail 1.2 implementation, unbundle the javamail-1_2.zip file, and add the mail.jar file to your CLASSPATH. The 1.2 implementation comes with an SMTP, IMAP4, and POP3 pr ovider besides the core classes. After installing JavaMail 1.2, install the JavaBeans Activation Framework. Installing JavaMail 1.1.3 To use the JavaMail 1.1.3 API, download the JavaMail 1.1.3 implementation, unbundle the javamail1_1_3.zip file, and add the mail.jar file to your CLASSPATH. The 1.1.3 implementation comes with an SMTP and IMAP4 pr ovider, besides the core classes. If you want to access a POP server with JavaMail 1.1.3, download and install a POP3 pr ovider. Sun has one avail able separate from the JavaMail implementation. After downloading and unbundling pop31_1_1.zip, add pop3.jar to your CLASSPATH, too. After installing JavaMail 1.1.3, install the JavaBeans Activation Framework. Installing the JavaBeans Activation Framework All versions of the JavaMail API require the JavaBeans Activation Framework. The framework adds support for typing arbitrary blocks of data and handling it accordingly. This doesn't sound like much, but it is your basic MIME- type support found in many browsers and mail tools today. After downloading the framework, unbundle the jaf1_0_1.zip file, and add the activation.jar file to your CLASSPATH. For JavaMail 1.2 users, you should now have added mail.jar and activation.jar to your CLASSPATH. For JavaMail 1.1.3 users, you should now have added mail.jar, pop3.jar, and activation.jar to your CLASSPATH. If you have no plans of using POP3, you don't Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 6 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks need to add pop3.jar to your CLASSPATH. If you don't want to change the CLASSPATH environment vari able , copy the jar files to your lib/ext directory under the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) directory. For instance, for the J2SE 1.3 release, the default directory would be C:\jdk1.3\jre\lib\ext on a Windows platform. Using JavaMail with the Java 2 Enter pr ise Edition If you use J2EE, there is nothing special you have to do to use the basic JavaMail API; it comes with the J2EE classes. Just make sure the j2ee.jar file is in your CLASSPATH and you're all set. For J2EE 1.2.1, the POP3 pr ovider comes separately, so download and follow the steps to include the POP3 pr ovider as shown in the pr evious section "Installing JavaMail 1.1.3." J2EE 1.3 users get the POP3 pr ovider with J2EE so do not require the separate installation. Neither installation requires you to install the JavaBeans Activation Framework. Exercise Exercise 1. How to set up a JavaMail environment on page 22 Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 7 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Section 5. Reviewing the core classes Introduction Before taking a how-to ap pr oach at looking at the JavaMail classes in depth, this section walks you through the core classes that make up the API: Session, Message, Address, Authenticator, Transport, Store, and Folder. All these classes are found in the top-level package for the JavaMail API, javax.mail, though you'll frequently find yourself using subclasses found in the javax.mail.internet package. Session The Session class defines a basic mail session. It is through this session that everything else works. The Session object takes advantage of a java.util. Pr operties object to get information like mail server, username, password, and other information that can be shared across your entire application. The constructors for the class are pr ivate. You can get a single default session that can be shared with the getDefaultInstance() method: Pr operties pr ops = new Pr operties(); // fill pr ops with any information Session session = Session.getDefaultInstance( pr ops, null); Or, you can create a unique session with getInstance(): Pr operties pr ops = new Pr operties(); // fill pr ops with any information Session session = Session.getDefaultInstance( pr ops, null); In both cases, the null argument is an Authenticator object that is not being used at this time. In most cases, it is sufficient to use the shared session, even if working with mail sessions for multiple user mailboxes. You can add the username and password combination in at a later step in the communication pr ocess, keeping everything separate. Message Once you have your Session object, it is time to move on to creating the message to send. This is done with a type of Message . Because Message is an abstract class, you must work with a subclass, in most cases javax.mail.internet.MimeMessage .A MimeMessage is an e-mail message that understands MIME type s and headers, as defined in the different RFCs. Message headers are restricted to US-ASCII characters only, though non-ASCII characters can be encoded in certain header fields. To create a Message, pass along the Session object to the MimeMessage constructor: MimeMessage message = new MimeMessage(session); Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 8 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Note: There are other constructors, like for creating messages from RFC822-formatted input streams. Once you have your message, you can set its parts, as Message implements the Part interface (with MimeMessage implementing MimePart ). The basic mechanism to set the content is the setContent() method, with argument s for the content and the mime type : message.setContent("Hello", "text/plain"); If, however, you know you are working with a MimeMessage and your message is plain text, you can use its setText() method, which only requires the actual content, defaulting to the MIME type of text/plain: message.setText("Hello"); For plain text messages, the latter form is the pr eferred mechanism to set the content. For sending other kinds of messages, like HTML messages, use the former. For setting the subject, use the setSubject() method: message.setSubject("First"); Address Once you've created the Session and the Message, as well as filled the message with content, it is time to address your letter with an Address . Like Message, Address is an abstract class. You use the javax.mail.internet.InternetAddress class. To create an address with just the e-mail address, pass the e-mail address to the constructor: Address address = new InternetAddress(" pr esident@whitehouse.gov"); If you want a name to appear next to the e-mail address, you can pass that along to the constructor, too: Address address = new InternetAddress(" pr esident@whitehouse.gov", "George Bush"); You will need to create address objects for the message's from field as well as the to field. Unless your mail server pr events you, there is nothing stopping you from sending a message that appears to be from anyone. Once you've created the addresses, you connect them to a message in one of two ways. For identifying the sender, you use the setFrom() and setReplyTo() methods. message.setFrom(address) If your message needs to show multiple from addresses, use the addFrom() method: Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 9 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Address address[] = ...; message.addFrom(address); For identifying the message recipients, you use the addRecipient() method. This method requires a Message.Recipient Type besides the address. message.addRecipient( type , address) The three pr edefined type s of address are: * Message.Recipient Type .TO * Message.Recipient Type .CC * Message.Recipient Type .BCC So, if the message was to go to the v ice pr esident, sending a carbon copy to the first lady, the following would be ap pr o pr iate: Address toAddress = new InternetAddress("v ice . pr esident@whitehouse.gov"); Address ccAddress = new InternetAddress("first.lady@whitehouse.gov"); message.addRecipient(Message.Recipient Type .TO, toAddress); message.addRecipient(Message.Recipient Type .CC, ccAddress); The JavaMail API pr ovides no mechanism to check for the validity of an e-mail address. While you can pr ogram in support to scan for valid characters (as defined by RFC 822) or verify the MX (mail exchange) record yourself, these are all beyond the scope of the JavaMail API. Authenticator Like the java.net classes, the JavaMail API can take advantage of an Authenticator to access pr otected resource s via a username and password. For the JavaMail API, that resource is the mail server. The JavaMail Authenticator is found in the javax.mail package and is different from the java.net class of the same name. The two don't share the same Authenticator as the JavaMail API works with Java 1.1, which didn't have the java.net variety. To use the Authenticator, you subclass the abstract class and return a PasswordAuthentication instance from the getPasswordAuthentication() method. You must register the Authenticator with the session when created. Then, your Authenticator will be notified when authentication is necessary. You could pop up a window or read the username and password from a configuration file (though if not encrypted is not secure), returning them to the caller as a PasswordAuthentication object. Pr operties pr ops = new Pr operties(); // fill pr ops with any information Authenticator auth = new MyAuthenticator(); Session session = Session.getDefaultInstance( pr ops, auth); Transport The final part of sending a message is to use the Transport class. This class speaks the Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 10 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks pr otocol-specific language for sending the message (usually SMTP). It's an abstract class and works something like Session. You can use the default version of the class by just calling the static send() method: Transport.send(message); Or, you can get a specific instance from the session for your pr otocol, pass along the username and password (blank if unnecessary), send the message, and close the connection: message.saveChanges(); // implicit with send() Transport transport = session.getTransport("smtp"); transport.connect(host, username, password); transport.sendMessage(message, message.getAllRecipients()); transport.close(); This latter way is best when you need to send multiple messages, as it will keep the connection with the mail server active between messages. The basic send() mechanism makes a separate connection to the server for each method call. Note: To watch the mail commands go by to the mail server, set the debug flag with session.setDebug(true). Store and folder Getting messages starts similarly to sending messages with a Session. However, after getting the session, you connect to a Store , quite possibly with a username and password or Authenticator. Like Transport, you tell the Store what pr otocol to use: // Store store = session.getStore("imap"); Store store = session.getStore("pop3"); store.connect(host, username, password); After connecting to the Store, you can then get a Folder , which must be opened before you can read messages from it: Folder folder = store.getFolder("INBOX"); folder.open(Folder.READ_ONLY); Message message[] = folder.getMessages(); For POP3, the only folder avail able is the INBOX. If you are using IMAP, you can have other folders avail able . Note: Sun's pr oviders are meant to be smart. While Message message[] = folder.getMessages(); might look like a slow operation reading every message from the server, only when you actually need to get a part of the message is the message content retrieved. Once you have a Message to read, you can get its content with getContent() or write its content to a stream with writeTo(). The getContent() method only gets the message content, while writeTo() output includes headers. Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 11 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks System.out. pr intln(((MimeMessage)message).getContent()); Once you're done reading mail, close the connection to the folder and store. folder.close(aBoolean); store.close(); The boolean passed to the close() method of folder states whether or not to update the folder by removing deleted messages. Moving on Essentially, understanding how to use these seven classes is all you need for nearly everything with the JavaMail API. Most of the other capabilities of the JavaMail API build off these seven classes to do something a little different or in a particular way, like if the content is an attachment. Certain tasks, like searching, are isolated and are discussed later. Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 12 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Section 6. Using the JavaMail API Introduction You've seen how to work with the core parts of the JavaMail API. In the following sections you'll find a how-to ap pr oach for connecting the pieces to do specific tasks. Sending messages Sending an e-mail message involves getting a session, creating and filling a message, and sending it. You can specify your SMTP server by setting the mail.smtp.host pr operty for the Pr operties object passed when getting the Session: String host = ...; String from = ...; String to = ...; // Get system pr operties Pr operties pr ops = System.get Pr operties(); // Setup mail server pr ops.put("mail.smtp.host", host); // Get session Session session = Session.getDefaultInstance( pr ops, null); // Define message MimeMessage message = new MimeMessage(session); message.setFrom(new InternetAddress(from)); message.addRecipient(Message.Recipient Type .TO, new InternetAddress(to)); message.setSubject("Hello JavaMail"); message.setText("Welcome to JavaMail"); // Send message Transport.send(message); You should place the code in a try-catch block, as setting up the message and sending it can throw exceptions. Exercise: Exercise 2. How to send your first message on page 23 Fetching messages For reading mail, you get a session, get and connect to an ap pr o pr iate store for your mailbox, open the ap pr o pr iate folder, and get your messages. Also, don't forget to close the connection when done. String host = ...; String username = ...; String password = ...; // Create empty pr operties Pr operties pr ops = new Pr operties(); // Get session Session session = Session.getDefaultInstance( pr ops, null); Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 13 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks // Get the store Store store = session.getStore("pop3"); store.connect(host, username, password); // Get folder Folder folder = store.getFolder("INBOX"); folder.open(Folder.READ_ONLY); // Get directory Message message[] = folder.getMessages(); for (int i=0, n=message.length; i<n; i++) { System.out. pr intln(i + ": " + message[i].getFrom()[0] + "\t" + message[i].getSubject()); // Close connection folder.close(false); store.close(); What you do with each message is up to you. The above code block just displays whom the message is from and the subject. Technically speaking, the list of from addresses could be empty and the getFrom()[0] call could throw an exception. To display the whole message, you can pr ompt the user after seeing the from and subject fields, and then call the message's writeTo() method if the user wants to see it. BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader ( new InputStreamReader(System.in)); // Get directory Message message[] = folder.getMessages(); for (int i=0, n=message.length; i<n; i++) { System.out. pr intln(i + ": " + message[i].getFrom()[0] + "\t" + message[i].getSubject()); System.out. pr intln("Do you want to read message? " + "[YES to read/QUIT to end]"); String line = reader.readLine(); if ("YES".equals(line)) { message[i].writeTo(System.out); } else if ("QUIT".equals(line)) { break; Exercise: Exercise 3. How to check for mail on page 25 Deleting messages and flags Deleting messages involves working with the Flags associated with the messages. There are different flags for different states, some system-defined and some user-defined. The pr edefined flags are defined in the inner class Flags.Flag and are listed below: * Flags.Flag.ANSWERED * Flags.Flag.DELETED * Flags.Flag.DRAFT * Flags.Flag.FLAGGED * Flags.Flag.RECENT * Flags.Flag.SEEN * Flags.Flag.USER Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 14 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Just because a flag exists doesn't mean the flag is supported by all mail servers or pr oviders. For instance, except for deleting messages, the POP pr otocol supports none of them. Checking for new mail is not a POP task but a task built into mail clients. To find out what flags are supported, ask the folder with getPermanentFlags(). To delete messages, you set the message's DELETED flag: message.setFlag(Flags.Flag.DELETED, true); Open up the folder in READ_WRITE mode first though: folder.open(Folder.READ_WRITE); Then, when you are done pr ocessing all messages, close the folder, passing in a true value to expunge the deleted messages. folder.close(true); There is an expunge() method of Folder that can be used to delete the messages. However, it doesn't work for Sun's POP3 pr ovider. Other pr oviders may or may not implement the capabilities. It will more than likely be implemented for IMAP pr oviders. Because POP only supports single access to the mailbox, you have to close the folder to delete the messages with Sun's pr ovider. To unset a flag, just pass false to the setFlag() method. To see if a flag is set, check it with isSet(). Authenticating yourself You learned that you can use an Authenticator to pr ompt for username and password when needed, instead of passing them in as string s. Here you'll actually see how to more fully use authentication. Instead of connecting to the Store with the host, username, and password, you configure the Pr operties to have the host, and tell the Session about your custom Authenticator instance, as shown here: // Setup pr operties Pr operties pr ops = System.get Pr operties(); pr ops.put("mail.pop3.host", host); // Setup authentication, get session Authenticator auth = new PopupAuthenticator(); Session session = Session.getDefaultInstance( pr ops, auth); // Get the store Store store = session.getStore("pop3"); store.connect(); You then subclass Authenticator and return a PasswordAuthentication object from the getPasswordAuthentication() method. The following is one such implementation, with a single field for both. (This isn't a Pr oject Swing tutorial; just enter the two parts in the one field, separated by a comma.) Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 15 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks import javax.mail.*; import javax.swing.*; import java.util.*; public class PopupAuthenticator extends Authenticator { public PasswordAuthentication getPasswordAuthentication() { String username, password; String result = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( "Enter 'username,password'"); String Tokenizer st = new String Tokenizer(result, ","); username = st.nextToken(); password = st.nextToken(); return new PasswordAuthentication(username, password); Because the PopupAuthenticator relies on Swing, it will start up the event-handling thread for AWT. This basically requires you to add a call to System.exit() in your code to stop the pr ogram. Replying to messages The Message class includes a reply() method to configure a new Message with the pr oper recipient and subject, adding "Re: " if not already there. This does not add any content to the message, only copying the from or reply-to header to the new recipient. The method takes a boolean parameter indicating whether to reply to only the sender (false) or reply to all (true). MimeMessage reply = (MimeMessage)message.reply(false); reply.setFrom(new InternetAddress(" pr esident@whitehouse.gov")); reply.setText("Thanks"); Transport.send(reply); To configure the reply-to address when sending a message, use the setReplyTo() method. Exercise: Exercise 4. How to reply to mail on page 27 Forwarding messages Forwarding messages is a little more involved. There is no single method to call, and you build up the message to forward by working with the parts that make up a message. A mail message can be made up of multiple parts. Each part is a BodyPart , or more specifically, a MimeBodyPart when working with MIME messages. The different body parts get combined into a container called Multipart or, again, more specifically a MimeMultipart . To forward a message, you create one part for the text of your message and a second part with the message to forward, and combine the two into a multipart. Then you add the multipart to a pr operly addressed message and send it. That's essentially it. To copy the content from one message to another, just copy over its Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 16 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks DataHandler , a class from the JavaBeans Activation Framework. // Create the message to forward Message forward = new MimeMessage(session); // Fill in header forward.setSubject("Fwd: " + message.getSubject()); forward.setFrom(new InternetAddress(from)); forward.addRecipient(Message.Recipient Type .TO, new InternetAddress(to)); // Create your new message part BodyPart messageBodyPart = new MimeBodyPart(); messageBodyPart.setText( "Here you go with the original message:\n\n"); // Create a multi-part to combine the parts Multipart multipart = new MimeMultipart(); multipart.addBodyPart(messageBodyPart); // Create and fill part for the forwarded content messageBodyPart = new MimeBodyPart(); messageBodyPart.setDataHandler(message.getDataHandler()); // Add part to multi part multipart.addBodyPart(messageBodyPart); // Associate multi-part with message forward.setContent(multipart); // Send message Transport.send(forward); Working with attachments Attachments are resource s associated with a mail message, usually kept outside of the message like a text file, s pr eadsheet, or image. As with common mail pr ograms like Eudora and pine, you can attach resource s to your mail message with the JavaMail API and get those attachments when you receive the message. Sending attachments: Sending attachments is quite like forwarding messages. You build up the parts to make the complete message. After the first part, your message text, you add other parts where the DataHandler for each is your attachment, instead of the shared handler in the case of a forwarded message. If you are reading the attachment from a file, your attachment data source is a FileDataSource . Reading from a URL, it is a URLDataSource . Once you have your DataSource, just pass it on to the DataHandler constructor, before finally attaching it to the BodyPart with setDataHandler(). Assuming you want to retain the original filename for the attachment, the last thing to do is to set the filename associated with the attachment with the setFileName() method of BodyPart. All this is shown here: // Define message Message message = new MimeMessage(session); message.setFrom(new InternetAddress(from)); message.addRecipient(Message.Recipient Type .TO, new InternetAddress(to)); message.setSubject("Hello JavaMail Attachment"); // Create the message part BodyPart messageBodyPart = new MimeBodyPart(); // Fill the message messageBodyPart.setText("Pardon Ideas"); Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 17 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Multipart multipart = new MimeMultipart(); multipart.addBodyPart(messageBodyPart); // Part two is attachment messageBodyPart = new MimeBodyPart(); DataSource source = new FileDataSource(filename); messageBodyPart.setDataHandler(new DataHandler(source)); messageBodyPart.setFileName(filename); multipart.addBodyPart(messageBodyPart); // Put parts in message message.setContent(multipart); // Send the message Transport.send(message); When including attachments with your messages, if your pr ogram is a servlet, your users must upload the attachment besides telling you where to send the message. Uploading each file can be handled with a form encoding type of multipart/form-data. <FORM ENC TYPE ="multipart/form-data" method=post action="/myservlet"> <INPUT TYPE ="file" NAME="thefile"> <INPUT TYPE ="submit" VALUE="Upload"> </FORM> Note: Message size is limited by your SMTP server, not the JavaMail API. If you run into pr oblems, consider increasing the Java heap size by setting the ms and mx parameter s. Exercise: Exercise 5. How to send attachments on page 28 Getting attachments: Getting attachments out of your messages is a little more involved then sending them because MIME has no simple notion of attachments. The content of your message is a Multipart object when it has attachments. You then need to pr ocess each Part, to get the main content and the attachment(s). Parts marked with a disposition of Part.ATTACHMENT from part.getDisposition() are clearly attachments. However, attachments can also come across with no disposition (and a non-text MIME type ) or a disposition of Part.INLINE. When the disposition is either Part.ATTACHMENT or Part.INLINE, you can save off the content for that message part. Just get the original filename with getFileName() and the input stream with getInputStream(). Multipart mp = (Multipart)message.getContent(); for (int i=0, n=multipart.getCount(); i<n; i++) { Part part = multipart.getBodyPart(i)); String disposition = part.getDisposition(); if ((disposition != null) && ((disposition.equals(Part.ATTACHMENT) || (disposition.equals(Part.INLINE))) { saveFile(part.getFileName(), part.getInputStream()); The saveFile() method just creates a File from the filename, reads the bytes from the input stream, and writes them off to the file. In case the file already exists, a number is added to the end of the filename until one is found that doesn't exist. // from saveFile() File file = new File(filename); Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 18 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks for (int i=0; file.exists(); i++) { file = new File(filename+i); The code above covers the simplest case where message parts are flagged ap pr o pr iately. To cover all cases, handle when the disposition is null and get the MIME type of the part to handle accordingly. if (disposition == null) { // Check if plain MimeBodyPart mbp = (MimeBodyPart)part; if (mbp.isMime Type ("text/plain")) { // Handle plain } else { // Special non-attachment cases here of image/gif, text/html, ... Pr ocessing HTML messages Sending HTML-based messages can be a little more work than sending plain text message, though it doesn't have to be that much more work. It all depends on your specific requirements. Sending HTML messages: If all you need to do is send the equivalent of an HTML file as the message and let the mail reader worry about fetching any embedded images or related pieces, use the setContent() method of Message, passing along the content as a String and setting the content type to text/html. String htmlText = "<H1>Hello</H1>" + "<img src=\"http://www.jguru.com/images/logo.gif\">"; message.setContent(htmlText, "text/html")); On the receiving end, if you fetch the message with the JavaMail API, there is nothing built into the API to display the message as HTML. The JavaMail API only sees it as a stream of bytes. To display the message as HTML, you must either use the Swing JEditorPane or some third-party HTML viewer component. if (message.getContent Type ().equals("text/html")) { String content = ( String )message.getContent(); JFrame frame = new JFrame(); JEditorPane text = new JEditorPane("text/html", content); text.setEdit able (false); JScrollPane pane = new JScrollPane(text); frame.getContentPane().add(pane); frame.setSize(300, 300); frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE); frame.show(); Including images with your messages: On the other hand, if you want your HTML content message to be complete, with embedded images included as part of the message, you must treat the image as an attachment and reference the image with a special cid URL, where the cid is a reference to the Content-ID header of the image attachment. The pr ocess of embedding an image is quite similar to attaching a file to a message, the only Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 19 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks difference is you have to tell the MimeMultipart that the parts are related by setting its sub type in the constructor (or with setSub Type ()) and set the Content-ID header for the image to a random string which is used as the src for the image in the img tag. The following demonstrates this completely. String file = ...; // Create the message Message message = new MimeMessage(session); // Fill its headers message.setSubject("Embedded Image"); message.setFrom(new InternetAddress(from)); message.addRecipient(Message.Recipient Type .TO, new InternetAddress(to)); // Create your new message part BodyPart messageBodyPart = new MimeBodyPart(); String htmlText = "<H1>Hello</H1>" + "<img src=\"cid:memememe\">"; messageBodyPart.setContent(htmlText, "text/html"); // Create a related multi-part to combine the parts MimeMultipart multipart = new MimeMultipart("related"); multipart.addBodyPart(messageBodyPart); // Create part for the image messageBodyPart = new MimeBodyPart(); // Fetch the image and associate to part DataSource fds = new FileDataSource(file); messageBodyPart.setDataHandler(new DataHandler(fds)); messageBodyPart.setHeader("Content-ID","memememe"); // Add part to multi-part multipart.addBodyPart(messageBodyPart); // Associate multi-part with message message.setContent(multipart); Exercise: Exercise 6. How to send HTML messages with images on page 29 Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 20 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Section 7. Searching with SearchTerm Introduction The JavaMail API includes a filtering mechanism found in the javax.mail.search package to build up a SearchTerm . Once built, you then ask a Folder what messages match, retrieving an array of Message objects: SearchTerm st = ...; Message[] msgs = folder.search(st); There are 22 different classes avail able to help you build a search term. AND terms (class AndTerm) OR terms (class OrTerm) NOT terms (class NotTerm) SENT DATE terms (class SentDateTerm) CONTENT terms (class BodyTerm) HEADER terms (FromTerm / From String Term, RecipientTerm / Recipient String Term, SubjectTerm, etc..) Essentially, you build up a logical ex pr ession for matching messages, then search. For instance the following term searches for messages with a (partial) subject string of ADV or a from field of friend@public.com. You might consider periodically running this query and automatically deleting any messages returned. SearchTerm st = new OrTerm( new SubjectTerm("ADV:"), new From String Term("friend@public.com")); Message[] msgs = folder.search(st); Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 21 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Section 8. Exercises About the exercises These exercises are designed to pr ovide help according to your needs. For example, you might simply complete the exercise given the information and the task list in the exercise body; you might want a few hints; or you may want a step-by-step guide to successfully complete a particular exercise. You can use as much or as little help as you need per exercise. Moreover, because complete solutions are also pr ovided, you can skip a few exercises and still be able to complete future exercises requiring the skipped ones. Each exercise has a list of any pr erequisite exercises, a list of skeleton code for you to start with, links to necessary API pages, and a text description of the exercise goal. In addition, there is help for each task and a solutions page with links to files that com pr ise a solution to the exercise. Exercise 1. How to set up a JavaMail environment In this exercise you will install Sun's JavaMail reference implementation. After installing, you will be introduced to the demonstration pr ograms that come with the reference implementation. Task 1: Download the latest version of the JavaMail API implementation from Sun. Task 2: Download the latest version of the JavaBeans Activation Framework from Sun. Task 3: Unzip the downloaded packages. You get a ZIP file for all platforms for both packages. Help for task 3: You can use the jar tool to unzip the packages. Task 4: Add the mail.jar file from the JavaMail 1.2 download and the activation.jar file from the JavaBeans Activation Framework download to your CLASSPATH. Help for task 4: Copy the files to your extension library directory. For Microsoft Windows, using the default installation copy, the command might look like the following: cd \javamail-1.2 copy mail.jar \jdk1.3\jre\lib\ext cd \jaf-1.0.1 copy activation.jar \jdk1.3\jre\lib\ext If you don't like copying the files to the extension library directory, detailed instructions are avail able from Sun for setting your CLASSPATH on Windows NT. Task 5: Go into the demo directory that comes with the JavaMail API implementation and compile the msgsend pr ogram to send a test message. Help for task 5: javac msgsend.java Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 22 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Task 6: Execute the pr ogram passing in a from address with the -o option, your SMTP server with the -M option, and the to address (with no option). You'll then enter the subject, the text of your message, and the end-of-file character (CTRL-Z) to signal the end of the message input. Help for task 6: Be sure to replace the from address, SMTP server, and to address. java msgsend -o from@address -M SMTP.Server to@address If you are not sure of your SMTP server, contact your system administrator or check with your Internet Serv ice Pr ovider. Task 7: Check to make sure you received the message with your normal mail reader (Eudora, Outlook Ex pr ess, pine, ...). Exercise 1. How to set up a JavaMail environment: Solution Upon successful completion, the JavaMail reference implementation will be in your CLASSPATH. Exercise 2. How to send your first message In the last exercise you sent a mail message using the demonstration pr ogram pr ovided with the JavaMail implementation. In this exercise, you'll create the pr ogram yourself. For more help with exercises, see About the exercises on page 22 . Pr erequisites: * Exercise 1. How to set up a JavaMail environment on page 22 Skeleton code: * MailExample.java Task 1: Starting with the skeleton code , get the system Pr operties. Help for task 1: Pr operties pr ops = System.get Pr operties(); Task 2: Add the name of your SMTP server to the pr operties for the mail.smtp.host key. Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 23 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Help for task 2: pr ops.put("mail.smtp.host", host); Task 3: Get a Session object based on the Pr operties. Help for task 3: Session session = Session.getDefaultInstance( pr ops, null); Task 4: Create a MimeMessage from the session. Help for task 4: MimeMessage message = new MimeMessage(session); Task 5: Set the from field of the message. Help for task 5: message.setFrom(new InternetAddress(from)); Task 6: Set the to field of the message. Help for task 6: message.addRecipient(Message.Recipient Type .TO, new InternetAddress(to)); Task 7: Set the subject of the message. Help for task 7: message.setSubject("Hello JavaMail"); Task 8: Set the content of the message. Help for task 8: message.setText("Welcome to JavaMail"); Task 9: Use a Transport to send the message. Help for task 9: Transport.send(message); Task 10: Compile and run the pr ogram, passing your SMTP server, from address, and to address on the command line. Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 24 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Help for task 10: java MailExample SMTP.Server from@address to@address Task 11: Check to make sure you received the message with your normal mail reader (Eudora, Outlook Ex pr ess, pine, ...). Exercise 2. How to send your first message: Solution The following Java source file re pr esents a solution to this exercise: * Solution/MailExample.java Exercise 3. How to check for mail In this exercise, create a pr ogram that displays the from address and subject for each message and pr ompts to display the message content. For more help with exercises, see About the exercises on page 22 . Pr erequisites: * Exercise 1. How to set up a JavaMail environment on page 22 Skeleton Code * GetMessageExample.java Task 1: Starting with the skeleton code , get or create a Pr operties object. Help for task 1: Pr operties pr ops = new Pr operties(); Task 2: Get a Session object based on the Pr operties. Help for task 2: Session session = Session.getDefaultInstance( pr ops, null); Task 3: Get a Store for your e-mail pr otocol, either pop3 or imap. Help for task 3: Store store = session.getStore("pop3"); Task 4: Connect to your mail host's store with the ap pr o pr iate username and password. Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 25 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Help for task 4: store.connect(host, username, password); Task 5: Get the folder you want to read. More than likely, this will be the INBOX. Help for task 5: Folder folder = store.getFolder("INBOX"); Task 6: Open the folder read-only. Help for task 6: folder.open(Folder.READ_ONLY); Task 7: Get a directory of the messages in the folder. Save the message list in an array vari able named message. Help for task 7: Message message[] = folder.getMessages(); Task 8: For each message, display the from field and the subject. Help for task 8: System.out. pr intln(i + ": " + message[i].getFrom()[0] + "\t" + message[i].getSubject()); Task 9: Display the message content when pr ompted. Help for task 9: System.out. pr intln(message[i].getContent()); Task 10: Close the connection to the folder and store. Help for task 10: folder.close(false); store.close(); Task 11: Compile and run the pr ogram, passing your mail server, username, and password on the command line. Answer YES to the messages you want to read. Just hit ENTER if you don't. If you want to stop reading your mail before making your way through all the messages, enter QUIT. Help for task 11: java GetMessageExample POP.Server username password Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 26 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Exercise 3. How to check for mail: Solution The following Java source file re pr esents a solution to this exercise. * Solution/GetMessageExample.java Exercise 4. How to reply to mail In this exercise, create a pr ogram that creates a canned reply message and attaches the original message if it's plain text. For more help with exercises, see About the exercises on page 22 . Pr erequisites: * Exercise 3. How to check for mail on page 25 Skeleton Code: * ReplyExample.java Task 1: The skeleton code already includes the code to get the list of messages from the folder and pr ompt you to create a reply. Task 2: When answered affirmatively, create a new MimeMessage from the original message. Help for task 2: MimeMessage reply = (MimeMessage)message[i].reply(false); Task 3: Set the from field to your e-mail address. Task 4: Create the text for the reply. Include a canned message to start. When the original message is plain text, add each line of the original message, pr efix each line with the "> " characters. Help for task 4: To check for plain text messages, check the messages MIME type with mimeMessage.isMime Type ("text/plain"). Task 5: Set the message's content, once the message content is fully determined. Task 6: Send the message. Task 7: Compile and run the pr ogram, passing your mail server, SMTP server, username, password, and from address on the command line. Answer YES to the messages you want to send replies. Just hit ENTER if you don't. If you want to stop going through your mail before Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 27 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks making your way through all the messages, enter QUIT. Help for task 7: java ReplyExample POP.Server SMTP.Server username password from@address Task 8: Check to make sure you received the message with your normal mail reader (Eudora, Outlook Ex pr ess, pine, ...). Exercise 4. How to reply to mail: Solution The following Java source file re pr esents a solution to this exercise. * Solution/ReplyExample.java Exercise 5. How to send attachments In this exercise, create a pr ogram that sends a message with an attachment. For more help with exercises, see About the exercises on page 22 . Pr erequisites: * Exercise 2. How to send your first message on page 23 Skeleton Code: * AttachExample.java Task 1: The skeleton code already includes the code to get the initial mail session. Task 2: From the session, get a Message and set its header fields: to, from, and subject. Task 3: Create a BodyPart for the main message content and fill its content with the text of the message. Help for task 3: BodyPart messageBodyPart = new MimeBodyPart(); messageBodyPart.setText("Here's the file"); Task 4: Create a Multipart to combine the main content with the attachment. Add the main content to the multipart. Help for task 4: Multipart multipart = new MimeMultipart(); multipart.addBodyPart(messageBodyPart); Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 28 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Task 5: Create a second BodyPart for the attachment. Task 6: Get the attachment as a DataSource. Help for task 6: DataSource source = new FileDataSource(filename); Task 7: Set the DataHandler for the message part to the data source. Carry the original filename along. Help for task 7: messageBodyPart.setDataHandler(new DataHandler(source)); messageBodyPart.setFileName(filename); Task 8: Add the second part of the message to the multipart. Task 9: Set the content of the message to the multipart. Help for task 9: message.setContent(multipart); Task 10: Send the message. Task 11: Compile and run the pr ogram, passing your SMTP server, from address, to address, and filename on the command line. This will send the file as an attachment. Help for task 11: java AttachExample SMTP.Server from@address to@address filename Task 12: Check to make sure you received the message with your normal mail reader (Eudora, Outlook Ex pr ess, pine, ...). Exercise 5. How to send attachments: Solution The following Java source file re pr esents a solution to this exercise. * Solution/AttachExample.java Exercise 6. How to send HTML messages with images In this exercise, create a pr ogram that sends an HTML message with an image attachment where the image is displayed within the HTML message. Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 29 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks For more help with exercises, see About the exercises on page 22 . Pr erequisites: * Exercise 5. How to send attachments on page 28 Skeleton code: * logo.gif * HtmlImageExample.java Task 1: The skeleton code already includes the code to get the initial mail session, create the main message, and fill its headers (to, from, subject). Task 2: Create a BodyPart for the HTML message content. Task 3: Create a text string of the HTML content. Include a reference in the HTML to an image (<img src="...">) that is local to the mail message. Help for task 3: Use a cid URL. The content-id will need to be specified for the image later. String htmlText = "<H1>Hello</H1>" + "<img src=\"cid:memememe\">"; Task 4: Set the content of the message part. Be sure to specify the MIME type is text/html. Help for task 4: messageBodyPart.setContent(htmlText, "text/html"); Task 5: Create a Multipart to combine the main content with the attachment. Be sure to specify that the parts are related. Add the main content to the multipart. Help for task 5: MimeMultipart multipart = new MimeMultipart("related"); multipart.addBodyPart(messageBodyPart); Task 6: Create a second BodyPart for the attachment. Task 7: Get the attachment as a DataSource, and set the DataHandler for the message part to the data source. Task 8: Set the Content-ID header for the part to match the image reference specified in the HTML. Help for task 8: messageBodyPart.setHeader("Content-ID","memememe"); Task 9: Add the second part of the message to the multipart, and set the content of the Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 30 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks message to the multipart. Task 10: Send the message. Task 11: Compile and run the pr ogram, passing your SMTP server, from address, to address, and filename on the command line. This will send the images as an inline image within the HTML text. Help for task 11: java HtmlImageExample SMTP.Server from@address to@address filename Task 12: Check if your mail reader recognizes the message as HTML and displays the image within the message, instead of as a link to an external attachment file. Help for task 12: If your mail reader can't display HTML messages, consider sending the message to a friend. Exercise 6. How to send HTML messages with images: Solution The following Java source files re pr esent a solution to this exercise. * Solution/logo.gif * Solution/HtmlImageExample.java Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 31 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Section 9. Wrapup In summary The JavaMail API is a Java package used for reading, composing, and sending e-mail messages and their attachments. It lets you build standards-based e-mail clients that employ various Internet mail pr otocols, including SMTP, POP, IMAP, and MIME, as well as related pr otocols such as NNTP, S/MIME, and others. The API divides naturally into two parts. The first focuses on sending, receiving, and managing messages independent of the pr otocol used, whereas the second focuses on specific use of the pr otocols. The purpose of this tutorial was to show how to use the first part of the API, without attempting to deal with pr otocol pr oviders. The core JavaMail API consists of seven classes --Session, Message, Address, Authenticator, Transport, Store, and Folder --all of which are found in javax.mail, the top-level package for the JavaMail API. We used these classes to work through a number of common e-mail-related tasks, including sending messages, retrieving messages, deleting messages, authenticating, replying to messages, forwarding messages, managing attachments, pr ocessing HTML-based messages, and searching or filtering mail lists. Finally, we pr ovided a number of step-by-step exercises to help illustrate the concepts pr esented. Hopefully, this will help you add e-mail functionality to your platform-independent Java applications. Resource s You can do much more with the JavaMail API than what's found here. The lessons and exercises found here can be supplemented by the following resource s: Download the JavaMail 1.2 API from the JavaMail API home page . The JavaBeans Activation Framework is required for versions 1.2 and 1.1.3 of the JavaMail API. The JavaMail-interest mailing list is a Sun-hosted discussion forum for developers. Sun's JavaMail FAQ addresses the use of JavaMail in applets and servlets, as well as pr ototol-specific questions. Tutorial author John Zukowski maintains jGuru's JavaMail FAQ . Want to see how others are using JavaMail? Check out Sun's list of third-party pr oducts. If you want more detail about JavaMail, read Rick Grehan's "How JavaMail keeps it simple" (Lotus Developer Network, June 2000). Benoit Marchal shows how to use Java and XML to pr oduce plain text and HTML newsletters in this two-part series, "Managing e-zines with JavaMail and XSLT" Part 1 (developerWorks, March 2001) and Part 2 (developerWorks, A pr il 2001). "Linking Applications with E-mail" (Lotus Developer Network, May 2000) discusses how groupware can facilitate communication, collaboration, and coordination among applications. Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 32 Pr esented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Feedback Please let us know whether this tutorial was helpful to you and how we could make it better. We'd also like to hear about other tutorial topics you'd like to see covered. Thanks! For questions about the content of this tutorial, contact the author John Zukowski ( jaz@zukowski.net ) Colophon This tutorial was written entirely in XML, using the developerWorks Toot-O-Matic tutorial generator. The Toot-O-Matic tool is a short Java pr ogram that uses XSLT stylesheets to convert the XML source into a number of HTML pages, a zip file, JPEG heading graphics, and PDF files. Our ability to generate multiple text and binary formats from a single source file illustrates the power and flexibility of XML. Fundamentals of the JavaMail API Page 33 Type Script语法错误： TS2345: Argument of type ‘ string ’ is not assign able to parameter of type ‘Element’. 类型" string "的参数不能赋给类型"Element"的参数。 报错内容以及对应代码： 报错的原因在于，该函数可接收的参数类型和实际接收的不匹配。 所以解决的方法是，将第二个参数转换成Element类型；或者更换另一种方法，插入元素的同时，还支持stri Type Script 的介绍 Type Script是一种由微软开发的开源、跨平台的编程语言。它是JavaScript的超集，最终会被编译为JavaScript代码。 2012年10月，微软发布了首个公开版本的 Type Script，2013年6月19日，在经历了一个预览版之后微软正式发布了正式版 Type Script Type Script的作者是安德斯·海尔斯伯格，C#的首席架构师。它是开源和跨平台的编程语言。