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Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2019 Oct 18; 51(5): 949–953.
PMCID: PMC7433507

Language: Chinese | English

角形切口设计和愈合方式与下颌阻生智齿拔除术后并发症

Effect of triangular flap design and healing procedure on the sequelae after extraction of impacted lower third molars

齐 伟

北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,综合科 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081, Department of General Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China

Find articles by 齐 伟

李 健男

北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,综合科 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081, Department of General Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China

Find articles by 李 健男

赵 静仁

北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,综合科 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081, Department of General Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China

Find articles by 赵 静仁

邢 海霞

北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,综合科 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081, Department of General Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China

Find articles by 邢 海霞

潘 洁

北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,综合科 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081, Department of General Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,综合科 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081, Department of General Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China

* P <0.05, # P <0.01.

肿胀:术后第1天、第3天和第7天A组中MTF-S方案侧术后肿胀分别为(1.5±1.4) mm、(1.6±1.7) mm和(0.3±0.8) mm,TF-P方案侧肿胀分别为(5.4±2.1)mm、(5.3±2.1) mm和(1.5±1.3) mm,术后第1 天、第3 天两侧差异均有统计学意义( P <0.05)。B组中,MTF-S方案侧术后肿胀分别为(1.7±1.3) mm、(2.1±2.3) mm和(0.3±0.5) mm,TF-P方案侧肿胀分别为(3.0±2.5) mm、(3.4±3.0) mm和(0.9±1.2) mm,差异无统计学意义( P >0.05, 图3 )。

两种方案术后不同时间点肿胀及张口受限测量值

Value of postoperative swelling and trismus in different postoperative time in two strategies

* P <0.05, # P <0.01.

张口受限:术后第1天、第3天和第7天,A组中MTF-S方案侧术后张口受限分别为(7.3±5.2)mm、(8.3±7.4) mm和(1.6±4.5) mm,TF-P方案侧张口受限分别为(13.9±5.8) mm、(14.8±8.7) mm和(4.5±6.0) mm,差异有统计学意义( P <0.05)。B组中MTF-S方案侧术后张口受限分别为(7.4±6.4) mm、(10.4±5.4) mm和(4.1±4.8) mm,TF-P方案侧张口受限分别为(10.8±5.8) mm、(14.5±4.8) mm和(6.6±5.3) mm,差异无统计学意义( P >0.05, 图3 )。

第二磨牙远中探诊深度:术后6个月复查第二磨牙远中探诊深度,A组MTF-S方案和TF-P方案分别为(3.1±0.8) mm和(3.4±1.1) mm,B组MTF-S方案和TF-P方案分别为(4.1±1.0) mm和(4±1.6) mm,差异无统计学意义( P <0.05)。

3. 讨论

下颌埋伏阻生智齿拔除是口腔颌面外科门诊复杂的诊疗操作,术后容易引起疼痛、肿胀及张口受限等一系列并发症。术后并发症的影响因素主要包括阻生方式、切口设计、去骨量、分牙方法、缝合针数以及愈合方式等 [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ] 。虽然有大量阻生齿拔除切口设计的研究,但由于混杂因素多,样本量有限,结果仍存在争议 [ 4 , 12 - 15 ] 。本研究通过严格控制术后并发症的相关影响因素,探讨两种经典的角形切口设计和愈合方式对下颌阻生智齿拔除术后并发症的影响。

理想的切口设计需要满足视野暴露充分、缝合处有骨支持、切口不应超过前庭沟底等条件,其中,角形切口在临床中最为常用 [ 4 , 7 , 13 - 15 ] 。然而,部分研究报道角形切口容易引起术后严重的肿胀反应 [ 4 , 7 ] 。由于既往研究中角形切口的纵切口部分多位于第二磨牙远中颊侧轴角处,该部位对应前庭沟较浅,纵行切口容易损伤前庭沟底部的肌肉组织,特别是低位埋伏阻生的病例。而且,由于无法获得有效的纵向延伸,这类角形瓣在操作过程中受到的牵拉力较大,也可能加重术后肿胀。本研究也发现,对于完全骨埋伏病例,TF-P方案侧术后肿胀更为明显。而改良角形切口虽然扩大了翻瓣的范围,但是由于第二磨牙近中颊侧前庭沟较深,近中纵切口能够避开前庭沟底等结构,术野暴露充分,结合术后引流,有效地减轻了患侧术后肿胀。对于部分骨埋伏的病例,由于患牙阻生位置相对较高或远离下颌升支,术中去骨量较完全骨埋伏病例少,加之操作时间较短,术后总体肿胀反应较轻,所以两种方案在术后肿胀方面差异无统计学意义。

除了切口设计,愈合方式也是减轻下颌阻生智齿拔除术后反应的重要手段,有学者通过放置引流或切除部分牙龈等二期愈合的方法减轻患者术后反应 [ 6 , 8 - 9 ] 。Pasqualini等 [ 6 ] 随访了200例下颌阻生智齿(完全或部分骨埋伏)拔除的患者,术中切除第二磨牙远中部分牙龈以利术后引流,该二期愈合方式能够显著减轻患者术后疼痛、肿胀和张口受限等反应。然而也有学者认为二期愈合延长了创口愈合时间,并有增加患者术后疼痛和干槽症的风险 [ 10 , 11 ] 。本研究结果显示,对于完全骨埋伏病例,二期愈合的确能够有效减轻患者术后疼痛、肿胀及张口受限反应,然而对于部分骨埋伏病例,二期愈合侧术后第4~7天疼痛有加重的趋势,严重程度略高于一期愈合侧,并且B组中的一侧术后发生干槽症,虽然这一差异并无统计学意义,考虑到所有操作均由高年资医师完成,手术创伤较小,如果由不同年资医师完成手术,二期愈合可能会进一步增加疼痛风险,因此,对于部分骨埋伏病例,是否选择二期愈合的方式需谨慎。

下颌阻生智齿拔除会损伤第二磨牙远中的软硬组织,导致第二磨牙远中探诊深度增加和附着丧失。有研究显示Szmyd切口以及保留部分龈缘的切口设计能够有效地预防下颌阻生智齿拔除术后邻牙远中深袋形成,然而多数学者认为,不同切口设计对第二磨牙远中探诊深度的影响是暂时的,经过术后6个月以上随访,不同切口间差异并无统计学意义 [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ] ,而不同愈合方式对第二磨牙远中探诊深度的影响尚不清楚。本研究发现术后6个月,两种愈合方式在第二磨牙远中探诊深度方面差异无统计学意义,说明二期愈合虽然延长了创口软组织封闭的时间,但是并不会影响拔牙创口的远期愈合。

综上所述,改良角形切口设计结合二期愈合方式能够有效减轻完全骨埋伏下颌智齿拔除术后的疼痛、肿胀及张口受限反应。对于部分骨埋伏病例,二期愈合有增加患者术后疼痛的趋势。术后6个月,A、B两组中两种角形切口设计和愈合方式在第二磨牙远中探诊深度方面差异无统计学意义。

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