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Code  ›  <length> - CSS | MDN
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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/length
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2 月前
This feature is well established and works across many devices and browser versions. It’s been available across browsers since ⁨July 2015⁩.

* Some parts of this feature may have varying levels of support.

Learn more

The <length> CSS data type represents a distance value. Lengths can be used in numerous CSS properties, such as width , height , margin , padding , border-width , font-size , and text-shadow .

Note: Although <percentage> values are usable in some of the same properties that accept <length> values, they are not themselves <length> values. See <length-percentage> .

Syntax

The <length> data type consists of a <number> followed by one of the units listed below. As with all CSS dimensions, there is no space between the number and the unit literal. Specifying the length unit is optional if the number is 0 .

Note: Some properties allow negative <length> values, while others do not.

The specified value of a length ( specified length ) is represented by its quantity and unit. The computed value of a length ( computed length ) is the specified length resolved to an absolute length, and its unit is not distinguished.

The <length> units can be relative or absolute. Relative lengths represent a measurement in terms of some other distance. Depending on the unit, this distance can be the size of a specific character, the line height , or the size of the viewport . Style sheets that use relative length units can more easily scale from one output environment to another.

Note: Child elements do not inherit the relative values as specified for their parent; they inherit the computed values.

Relative length units

CSS relative length units are based on font, container, or viewport sizes.

Relative length units based on font

Font lengths define the <length> value in terms of the size of a particular character or font attribute in the font currently in effect in an element or its parent.

Note: These units, especially em and the root relative rem , are often used to create scalable layouts, which maintain the vertical rhythm of the page even when the user changes the font size.

Represents the "cap height" (nominal height of capital letters) of the element's font .

Represents the width or, more precisely, the advance measure of the glyph 0 (zero, the Unicode character U+0030) in the element's font . In cases where determining the measure of the 0 glyph is impossible or impractical, it must be assumed to be 0.5em wide by 1em tall.

Represents the calculated font-size of the element. If used on the font-size property itself, it represents the inherited font-size of the element.

Represents the x-height of the element's font . In fonts with the x letter, this is generally the height of lowercase letters in the font; 1ex ≈ 0.5em in many fonts.

Equal to the used advance measure of the "水" glyph (CJK water ideograph, U+6C34), found in the font used to render it.

Equal to the computed value of the line-height property of the element on which it is used, converted to an absolute length. This unit enables length calculations based on the theoretical size of an ideal empty line. However, the size of actual line boxes may differ based on their content.

Relative length units based on root element's font

Root element font relative length units define the <length> value in terms of the size of a particular character or font attribute of the root element:

Equal to the "cap height" (nominal height of capital letters) of the root element's font .

Equal to the width or the advance measure of the glyph 0 (zero, the Unicode character U+0030) in the root element's font .

Represents the font-size of the root element (typically <html> ). When used within the root element font-size , it represents its initial value. A common browser default is 16px , but user-defined preferences may modify this.

Represents the x-height of the root element's font .

Equal to the value of ic unit on the root element's font.

Equal to the value of lh unit on the root element's font. This unit enables length calculations based on the theoretical size of an ideal empty line. However, the size of actual line boxes may differ based on their content.

Relative length units based on viewport

The viewport-percentage length units are based on four different viewport sizes: small, large, dynamic, and default. The allowance for the different viewport sizes is in response to browser interfaces expanding and retracting dynamically and hiding and showing the content underneath.

Small viewport units

When you want the smallest possible viewport in response to browser interfaces expanding dynamically, you should use the small viewport size. The small viewport size allows the content you design to fill the entire viewport when browser interfaces are expanded. Choosing this size might also possibly leave empty spaces when browser interfaces retract.

For example, an element that is sized using viewport-percentage units based on the small viewport size, the element will fill the screen perfectly without any of its content being obscured when all the dynamic browser interfaces are shown. When those browser interfaces are hidden, however, there might be extra space visible around the element. Therefore, the small viewport-percentage units are "safer" to use in general, but might not produce the most attractive layout after a user starts interacting with the page.

The small viewport size is represented by the sv prefix and results in the sv* viewport-percentage length units. The sizes of the small viewport-percentage units are fixed, and therefore stable, unless the viewport itself is resized.

Large viewport units

When you want the largest possible viewport in response to browser interfaces retracting dynamically, you should use the large viewport size. The large viewport size allows the content you design to fill the entire viewport when browser interfaces are retracting. You need to be aware that the content might get hidden when browser interfaces expand.

For example, on mobile phones where screen real-estate is at a premium, browsers often hide part or all of the title and address bar after a user starts scrolling the page. When an element is sized using a viewport-percentage unit based on the large viewport size, the content of the element will fill the entire visible page when these browser interfaces are hidden. However, when these retractable browser interfaces are shown, they can hide the content that is sized or positioned using the large viewport-percentage units.

The large viewport unit is represented by the lv prefix and results in the lv* viewport-percentage units. The sizes of the large viewport-percentage units are fixed and therefore stable, unless the viewport itself is resized.

Dynamic viewport units

When you want the viewport to be automatically sized in response to browser interfaces dynamically expanding or retracting, you can use the dynamic viewport size. The dynamic viewport size allows the content you design to fit exactly within the viewport, irrespective of the presence of dynamic browser interfaces.

The dynamic viewport unit is represented by the dv prefix and results in the dv* viewport-percentage units. The sizes of the dynamic viewport-percentage units are not stable, even when the viewport itself is unchanged.

Note: While the dynamic viewport size can give you more control and flexibility, using viewport-percentage units based on the dynamic viewport size can cause the content to resize while a user is scrolling a page. This can lead to degradation of the user interface and cause a performance hit.

Default viewport units

The default viewport size is defined by the browser. The behavior of the resulting viewport-percentage unit could be equivalent to the viewport-percentage unit based on the small viewport size, the large viewport size, an intermediate size between the two, or the dynamic viewport size.

Note: For example, a browser might implement the default viewport-percentage unit for height ( vh ) that is equivalent to the large viewport-percentage height unit ( lvh ). If so, this could obscure content on a full-page display while the browser interface is expanded. Currently, all default viewport units ( vh , vw , etc.) are equivalent to their large viewport counterparts ( lvh , lvw , etc.).

Viewport-percentage lengths define <length> values in percentage relative to the size of the initial containing block , which in turn is based on either the size of the viewport or the page area, i.e., the visible portion of the document. When the height or width of the initial containing block is changed, the elements that are sized based on them are scaled accordingly. There is a viewport-percentage length unit variant corresponding to each of the viewport sizes, as described below.

Note: Viewport lengths are invalid in @page declaration blocks.

Represents a percentage of the height of the viewport's initial containing block . 1vh is 1% of the viewport height. For example, if the viewport height is 300px , then a value of 70vh on a property will be 210px .

The respective viewport-percentage units for small, large, and dynamic viewport sizes are svh , lvh , and dvh . vh is equivalent to lvh , representing the viewport-percentage length unit based on the large viewport size.

Represents a percentage of the width of the viewport's initial containing block . 1vw is 1% of the viewport width. For example, if the viewport width is 800px , then a value of 50vw on a property will be 400px .

For small, large, and dynamic viewport sizes, the respective viewport-percentage units are svw , lvw , and dvw . vw is equivalent to lvw , representing the viewport-percentage length unit based on the large viewport size.

Represents in percentage the largest of vw and vh .

For small, large, and dynamic viewport sizes, the respective viewport-percentage units are svmax , lvmax , and dvmax . vmax is equivalent to lvmax , representing the viewport-percentage length unit based on the large viewport size.

Represents in percentage the smallest of vw and vh .

For small, large, and dynamic viewport sizes, the respective viewport-percentage units are svmin , lvmin , and dvmin . vmin is equivalent to lvmin , representing the viewport-percentage length unit based on the large viewport size.

Represents the percentage of the size of the initial containing block , in the direction of the root element's block axis .

For small, large, and dynamic viewport sizes, the respective viewport-percentage units are svb , lvb , and dvb , respectively. vb is equivalent to lvb , representing the viewport-percentage length unit based on the large viewport size.

Represents a percentage of the size of the initial containing block , in the direction of the root element's inline axis .

For small, large, and dynamic viewport sizes, the respective viewport-percentage units are svi , lvi , and dvi . vi is equivalent to lvi , representing the viewport-percentage length unit based on the large viewport size.

Container query length units

When applying styles to a container using container queries, you can use container query length units. These units specify a length relative to the dimensions of a query container. Components that use units of length relative to their container are more flexible to use in different containers without having to recalculate concrete length values.

If no eligible container is available for the query, the container query length unit defaults to the small viewport unit for that axis ( sv* ).

For more information, see Container queries .

Represents a percentage of the width of the query container. 1cqw is 1% of the query container's width. For example, if the query container's width is 800px , then a value of 50cqw on a property will be 400px .

Represents a percentage of the height of the query container. 1cqh is 1% of the query container's height. For example, if the query container's height is 300px , then a value of 10cqh on a property will be 30px .

Represents a percentage of the inline size of the query container. 1cqi is 1% of the query container's inline size. For example, if the query container's inline size is 800px , then a value of 50cqi on a property will be 400px .

Represents a percentage of the block size of the query container. 1cqb is 1% of the query container's block size. For example, if the query container's block size is 300px , then a value of 10cqb on a property will be 30px .

cqmin

Represents a percentage of the smaller value of either the query container's inline size or block size. 1cqmin is 1% of the smaller value of either the query container's inline size or block size. For example, if the query container's inline size is 800px and its block size is 300px , then a value of 50cqmin on a property will be 150px .

cqmax

Represents a percentage of the larger value of either the query container's inline size or block size. 1cqmax is 1% of the larger value of either the query container's inline size or block size. For example, if the query container's inline size is 800px and its block size is 300px , then a value of 50cqmax on a property will be 400px .

Absolute length units

Absolute length units represent a physical measurement when the physical properties of the output medium are known, such as for print layout. This is done by anchoring one of the units to a physical unit or the visual angle unit and then defining the others relative to it. Physical units include cm , in , mm , pc , pt , px , and Q .The anchoring is done differently for low-resolution devices, such as screens, versus high-resolution devices, such as printers.

For low-dpi devices, the unit px represents the physical reference pixel ; other units are defined relative to it. Thus, 1in is defined as 96px , which equals 72pt . The consequence of this definition is that on such devices, dimensions described in inches ( in ), centimeters ( cm ), or millimeters ( mm ) don't necessarily match the size of the physical unit with the same name.

For high-dpi devices, inches ( in ), centimeters ( cm ), and millimeters ( mm ) are the same as their physical counterparts. Therefore, the px unit is defined relative to them (1/96 of 1in ).

Note: Many users increase their user agent 's default font size to make text more legible. Absolute lengths can cause accessibility problems because they are fixed and do not scale according to user settings. For this reason, prefer relative lengths (such as em or rem ) when setting font-size .

One pixel. For screen displays, it traditionally represents one device pixel (dot). However, for printers and high-resolution screens , one CSS pixel implies multiple device pixels. 1px = 1in / 96 .

One centimeter. 1cm = 96px / 2.54 .

One millimeter. 1mm = 1cm / 10 .

One quarter of a millimeter. 1Q = 1cm / 40 .

One inch. 1in = 2.54cm = 96px .

One pica. 1pc = 12pt = 1in / 6 .

One point. 1pt = 1in / 72 .

Interpolation

When animated, values of the <length> data type are interpolated as real, floating-point numbers. The interpolation happens on the calculated value. The speed of the interpolation is determined by the easing function associated with the animation.

Examples

Comparing different length units

The following example provides you with an input field in which you can enter a <length> value (e.g., 300px , 50% , 30vw ) to set the width of a result bar that will appear below it once you've pressed the Enter or the Return key.

This allows you to compare and contrast the effects of different length units.

html 
<div class="outer">
  <div class="input-container">
    <label for="length">Enter width:</label>
    <input type="text" id="length" />
  <div class="inner"></div>
<div class="results"></div>

css
html {
  font-family: sans-serif;
  font-weight: bold;
  box-sizing: border-box;
.outer {
  width: 100%;
  height: 50px;
  background-color: #eeeeee;
  position: relative;
.inner {
  height: 50px;
  background-color: #999999;
  box-shadow:
    inset 3px 3px 5px rgb(255 255 255 / 50%),
    inset -3px -3px 5px rgb(0 0 0 / 50%);
.result {
  height: 20px;
  box-shadow:
    inset 3px 3px 5px rgb(255 255 255 / 50%),
    inset -3px -3px 5px rgb(0 0 0 / 50%);
  background-color: orange;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  margin-top: 10px;
.result code {
  position: absolute;
  margin-left: 20px;
.results {
  margin-top: 10px;
.input-container {
  position: absolute;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: flex-start;
  align-items: center;
  height: 50px;
label {
  margin: 0 10px 0 20px;

JavaScript


js
const inputDiv = document.querySelector(".inner");
const inputElem = document.querySelector("input");
const resultsDiv = document.querySelector(".results");
inputElem.addEventListener("change", () => {
  inputDiv.style.width = inputElem.value;
  const result = document.createElement("div");
  result.className = "result";
  result.style.width = inputElem.value;
  const code = document.createElement("code");
  code.textContent = `width: ${inputElem.value}`;
  result.appendChild(code);
  resultsDiv.appendChild(result);
  inputElem.value = "";
  inputElem.focus();

Result

    
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  9. Properties
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    2. -webkit-*
      1. -webkit-border-before


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      1. background
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    15. block-size
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      1. border
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      3. border-block-color
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      9. border-block-start-color
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      13. border-block-width
      14. border-bottom
      15. border-bottom-color
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      18. border-bottom-style
      19. border-bottom-width
      20. border-collapse
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      22. border-end-end-radius
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      1. box-align



      2. box-decoration-break
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      6. box-lines



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      1. break-after
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      1. caret


      2. caret-animation


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    26. columns
    27. contain-*
      1. contain
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      1. container
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      1. corner-block-end-shape
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      11. font-stretch


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    52. hanging-punctuation
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    56. hyphens
    57. image-*
      1. image-orientation
      2. image-rendering
      3. image-resolution


    58. initial-letter
    59. inline-size
    60. inset-*
      1. inset
      2. inset-block
      3. inset-block-end
      4. inset-block-start
      5. inset-inline
      6. inset-inline-end
      7. inset-inline-start
    61. interpolate-size


    62. isolation
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      1. justify-content
      2. justify-items
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    64. left
    65. letter-spacing
    66. lighting-color
    67. line-*
      1. line-break
      2. line-clamp
      3. line-height
      4. line-height-step


    68. list-*
      1. list-style
      2. list-style-image
      3. list-style-position
      4. list-style-type
    69. margin-*
      1. margin
      2. margin-block
      3. margin-block-end
      4. margin-block-start
      5. margin-bottom
      6. margin-inline
      7. margin-inline-end
      8. margin-inline-start
      9. margin-left
      10. margin-right
      11. margin-top
      12. margin-trim


    70. marker-*
      1. marker
      2. marker-end
      3. marker-mid
      4. marker-start
    71. mask-*
      1. mask
      2. mask-border
      3. mask-border-mode
      4. mask-border-outset
      5. mask-border-repeat
      6. mask-border-slice
      7. mask-border-source
      8. mask-border-width
      9. mask-clip
      10. mask-composite
      11. mask-image
      12. mask-mode
      13. mask-origin
      14. mask-position
      15. mask-repeat
      16. mask-size
      17. mask-type
    72. math-*
      1. math-depth
      2. math-shift


      3. math-style
    73. max-*
      1. max-block-size
      2. max-height
      3. max-inline-size
      4. max-width
    74. min-*
      1. min-block-size
      2. min-height
      3. min-inline-size
      4. min-width
    75. mix-blend-mode
    76. object-fit
    77. object-position
    78. offset-*




    

      1. offset
      2. offset-anchor
      3. offset-distance
      4. offset-path
      5. offset-position
      6. offset-rotate
    79. opacity
    80. order
    81. orphans
    82. outline-*
      1. outline
      2. outline-color
      3. outline-offset
      4. outline-style
      5. outline-width
    83. overflow-*
      1. overflow
      2. overflow-anchor
      3. overflow-block
      4. overflow-clip-margin
      5. overflow-inline
      6. overflow-wrap
      7. overflow-x
      8. overflow-y
    84. overlay


    85. overscroll-*
      1. overscroll-behavior
      2. overscroll-behavior-block
      3. overscroll-behavior-inline
      4. overscroll-behavior-x
      5. overscroll-behavior-y
    86. padding-*
      1. padding
      2. padding-block
      3. padding-block-end
      4. padding-block-start
      5. padding-bottom
      6. padding-inline
      7. padding-inline-end
      8. padding-inline-start
      9. padding-left
      10. padding-right
      11. padding-top
    87. page-*
      1. page
      2. page-break-after


      3. page-break-before


      4. page-break-inside


    88. paint-order
    89. perspective
    90. perspective-origin
    91. place-*
      1. place-content
      2. place-items
      3. place-self
    92. pointer-events
    93. position-*
      1. position
      2. position-anchor
      3. position-area
      4. position-try
      5. position-try-fallbacks
      6. position-try-order
      7. position-visibility


    94. print-color-adjust
    95. quotes
    96. r
    97. reading-flow


    98. reading-order


    99. resize
    100. right
    101. rotate
    102. row-gap
    103. ruby-*
      1. ruby-align
      2. ruby-overhang
      3. ruby-position
    104. rx
    105. ry
    106. scale
    107. scroll-*
      1. scroll-behavior
      2. scroll-margin
      3. scroll-margin-block
      4. scroll-margin-block-end
      5. scroll-margin-block-start
      6. scroll-margin-bottom
      7. scroll-margin-inline
      8. scroll-margin-inline-end
      9. scroll-margin-inline-start
      10. scroll-margin-left
      11. scroll-margin-right
      12. scroll-margin-top
      13. scroll-marker-group


      14. scroll-padding
      15. scroll-padding-block
      16. scroll-padding-block-end
      17. scroll-padding-block-start
      18. scroll-padding-bottom
      19. scroll-padding-inline
      20. scroll-padding-inline-end
      21. scroll-padding-inline-start
      22. scroll-padding-left
      23. scroll-padding-right
      24. scroll-padding-top
      25. scroll-snap-align
      26. scroll-snap-stop
      27. scroll-snap-type
      28. scroll-timeline
      29. scroll-timeline-axis
      30. scroll-timeline-name
    108. scrollbar-*
      1. scrollbar-color
      2. scrollbar-gutter
      3. scrollbar-width
    109. shape-*
      1. shape-image-threshold
      2. shape-margin
      3. shape-outside
      4. shape-rendering
    110. speak-as


    111. stop-color
    112. stop-opacity
    113. stroke-*
      1. stroke
      2. stroke-dasharray
      3. stroke-dashoffset
      4. stroke-linecap
      5. stroke-linejoin
      6. stroke-miterlimit
      7. stroke-opacity
      8. stroke-width
    114. tab-size
    115. table-layout
    116. text-*
      1. text-align
      2. text-align-last
      3. text-anchor
      4. text-autospace
      5. text-box
      6. text-box-edge
      7. text-box-trim
      8. text-combine-upright
      9. text-decoration
      10. text-decoration-color
      11. text-decoration-line
      12. text-decoration-skip


      13. text-decoration-skip-ink
      14. text-decoration-style
      15. text-decoration-thickness
      16. text-emphasis
      17. text-emphasis-color
      18. text-emphasis-position
      19. text-emphasis-style
      20. text-indent
      21. text-justify
      22. text-orientation
      23. text-overflow
      24. text-rendering
      25. text-shadow
      26. text-size-adjust


      27. text-spacing-trim


      28. text-transform
      29. text-underline-offset
      30. text-underline-position
      31. text-wrap
      32. text-wrap-mode
      33. text-wrap-style
    117. timeline-scope
    118. top
    119. touch-action
    120. transform-*
      1. transform
      2. transform-box
      3. transform-origin
      4. transform-style
    121. transition-*
      1. transition
      2. transition-behavior
      3. transition-delay
      4. transition-duration
      5. transition-property
      6. transition-timing-function
    122. translate
    123. unicode-bidi
    124. user-modify



    125. user-select
    126. vector-effect
    127. vertical-align
    128. view-*
      1. view-timeline
      2. view-timeline-axis
      3. view-timeline-inset
      4. view-timeline-name
      5. view-transition-class
      6. view-transition-name
    129. visibility
    130. white-space
    131. white-space-collapse
    132. widows
    133. width
    134. will-change
    135. word-break
    136. word-spacing
    137. writing-mode
    138. x
    139. y
    140. z-index
    141. zoom
  10. Selectors
    1. & nesting selector
    2. Attribute selectors
    3. Class selectors
    4. ID selectors
    5. Type selectors
    6. Universal selectors
  11. Combinators
    1. Child combinator
    2. Column combinator


    3. Descendant combinator
    4. Namespace separator
    5. Next-sibling combinator
    6. Selector list
    7. Subsequent-sibling combinator
  12. Pseudo-classes
    1. :-moz-*




    

      1. :-moz-broken



      2. :-moz-drag-over


      3. :-moz-first-node



      4. :-moz-handler-blocked


      5. :-moz-handler-crashed


      6. :-moz-handler-disabled


      7. :-moz-last-node



      8. :-moz-loading


      9. :-moz-locale-dir(ltr)


      10. :-moz-locale-dir(rtl)


      11. :-moz-only-whitespace


      12. :-moz-submit-invalid


      13. :-moz-suppressed


      14. :-moz-user-disabled


      15. :-moz-window-inactive


    2. :active
    3. :active-view-transition
    4. :any-link
    5. :autofill
    6. :blank


    7. :buffering
    8. :checked
    9. :current


    10. :default
    11. :defined
    12. :dir()
    13. :disabled
    14. :empty
    15. :enabled
    16. :first-*
      1. :first
      2. :first-child
      3. :first-of-type
    17. :focus-*
      1. :focus
      2. :focus-visible
      3. :focus-within
    18. :fullscreen
    19. :future
    20. :has-slotted
    21. :has()
    22. :heading


    23. :heading()


    24. :host
    25. :host-context()


    26. :host()
    27. :hover
    28. :in-range
    29. :indeterminate
    30. :invalid
    31. :is()
    32. :lang()
    33. :last-child
    34. :last-of-type
    35. :left
    36. :link
    37. :local-link


    38. :modal
    39. :muted
    40. :not()
    41. :nth-*
      1. :nth-child()
      2. :nth-last-child()
      3. :nth-last-of-type()
      4. :nth-of-type()
    42. :only-child
    43. :only-of-type
    44. :open
    45. :optional
    46. :out-of-range
    47. :past
    48. :paused
    49. :picture-in-picture
    50. :placeholder-shown
    51. :playing
    52. :popover-open
    53. :read-only
    54. :read-write
    55. :required
    56. :right
    57. :root
    58. :scope
    59. :seeking
    60. :stalled
    61. :state()
    62. :target
    63. :target-current


    64. :user-invalid
    65. :user-valid
    66. :valid
    67. :visited
    68. :volume-locked
    69. :where()
  13. Pseudo-elements
    1. ::-moz-*
      1. ::-moz-color-swatch


      2. ::-moz-focus-inner



      3. ::-moz-list-bullet



      4. ::-moz-list-number



      5. ::-moz-meter-bar


      6. ::-moz-progress-bar



      7. ::-moz-range-progress


      8. ::-moz-range-thumb


      9. ::-moz-range-track


    2. ::-webkit-*
      1. ::-webkit-inner-spin-button


      2. ::-webkit-meter-bar



      3. ::-webkit-meter-even-less-good-value


      4. ::-webkit-meter-inner-element


      5. ::-webkit-meter-optimum-value


      6. ::-webkit-meter-suboptimum-value


      7. ::-webkit-progress-bar


      8. ::-webkit-progress-inner-element


      9. ::-webkit-progress-value


      10. ::-webkit-scrollbar


      11. ::-webkit-search-cancel-button


      12. ::-webkit-search-results-button


      13. ::-webkit-slider-runnable-track


      14. ::-webkit-slider-thumb


    3. ::after
    4. ::backdrop
    5. ::before
    6. ::checkmark


    7. ::column


    8. ::cue
    9. ::details-content
    10. ::file-selector-button
    11. ::first-letter
    12. ::first-line
    13. ::grammar-error
    14. ::highlight()
    15. ::marker
    16. ::part()
    17. ::picker-icon


    18. ::picker()


    19. ::placeholder
    20. ::scroll-*
      1. ::scroll-button()


      2. ::scroll-marker


      3. ::scroll-marker-group


    21. ::selection
    22. ::slotted()
    23. ::spelling-error
    24. ::target-text
    25. ::view-*
      1. ::view-transition
      2. ::view-transition-group()
      3. ::view-transition-image-pair()
      4. ::view-transition-new()
      5. ::view-transition-old()
  14. At-rules
    1. @charset
    2. @color-profile
    3. @container
    4. @counter-style
    5. @document



    6. @font-face
    7. @font-feature-values
    8. @font-palette-values
    9. @import
    10. @keyframes
    11. @layer
    12. @media
    13. @namespace
    14. @page
    15. @position-try


    16. @property
    17. @scope
    18. @starting-style
    19. @supports
    20. @view-transition
  15. Functions
    1. -moz-image-rect



    2. abs()
    3. acos()
    4. anchor-size()
    5. anchor()
    6. asin()
    7. atan()
    8. atan2()
    9. attr()
    10. blur()
    11. brightness()
    12. calc-size()


    13. calc()
    14. circle()
    15. clamp()
    16. color-mix()
    17. color()
    18. conic-gradient()
    19. contrast-color()


    20. contrast()
    21. cos()
    22. counter()
    23. counters()
    24. cross-fade()
    25. cubic-bezier()
    26. device-cmyk()
    27. drop-shadow()
    28. element()


    29. ellipse()
    30. env()
    31. exp()
    32. fit-content()
    33. grayscale()
    34. hsl()
    35. hue-rotate()
    36. hwb()
    37. hypot()
    38. if()


    39. image-set()
    40. image()
    41. inset()
    42. invert()
    43. lab()
    44. layer()
    45. lch()
    46. light-dark()
    47. linear-gradient()
    48. linear()
    49. log()
    50. matrix()
    51. matrix3d()
    52. max()
    53. min()
    54. minmax()
    55. mod()
    56. oklab()
    57. oklch()
    58. opacity()
    59. paint()
    60. palette-mix()


    61. path()
    62. perspective()
    63. polygon()
    64. pow()
    65. radial-gradient()
    66. ray()
    67. rect()
    68. rem()
    69. repeat()
    70. repeating-conic-gradient()
    71. repeating-linear-gradient()
    72. repeating-radial-gradient()
    73. rgb()
    74. rotate()
    75. rotate3d()
    76. rotateX()
    77. rotateY()
    78. rotateZ()
    79. round()
    80. saturate()
    81. scale()
    82. scale3d()
    83. scaleX()
    84. scaleY()
    85. scaleZ()
    86. scroll()
    87. sepia()
    88. shape()
    89. sibling-count()


    90. sibling-index()


    91. sign()
    92. sin()
    93. skew()
    94. skewX()
    95. skewY()
    96. sqrt()
    97. steps()
    98. superellipse()
    99. symbols()
    100. tan()
    101. translate()
    102. translate3d()
    103. translateX()
    104. translateY()
    105. translateZ()
    106. url()
    107. var()
    108. view()
    109. xywh()
  16. Types
    1. <absolute-size>
    2. <alpha-value>
    3. <angle-percentage>
    4. <angle>
    5. <baseline-position>
    6. <basic-shape>
    7. <blend-mode>
    8. <box-edge>
    9. <calc-keyword>
    10. <calc-sum>
    11. <color-interpolation-method>
    12. <color>
    13. <content-distribution>
    14. <content-position>
    15. <corner-shape-value>
    16. <custom-ident>
    17. <dashed-ident>
    18. <dimension>
    19. <display-box>
    20. <display-inside>
    21. <display-internal>
    22. <display-legacy>
    23. <display-listitem>
    24. <display-outside>
    25. <easing-function>
    26. <filter-function>
    27. <flex>
    28. <frequency-percentage>
    29. <frequency>
    30. <generic-family>
    31. <gradient>
    32. <hex-color>
    33. <hue-interpolation-method>
    34. <hue>
    35. <ident>
    36. <image>
    37. <integer>
    38. <length-percentage>
    39. <length>
    40. <line-style>
    41. <named-color>
    42. <number>
    43. <overflow-position>
    44. <overflow>
    45. <percentage>
    46. <position-area>
    47. <position>
    48. <ratio>
    49. <relative-size>
    50. <resolution>
    51. <self-position>
    52. <shape>


    53. <string>
    54. <system-color>
    55. <text-edge>
    56. <time-percentage>
    57. <time>
    58. <transform-function>
    59. <url>
  17. Guides
  18. Anchor positioning
    1. Using anchor positioning
    2. Handling overflow
  19. Animations
    1. Animatable properties
    2. Using animations
  20. Backgrounds and borders
    1. Using multiple backgrounds
    2. Resizing background images
    3. Scaling SVG backgrounds
  21. Box alignment
    1. Overview
    2. Box alignment in block layout
    3. Box alignment in flexbox
    4. Box alignment in grid layout
    5. Box alignment in multi-column layout
  22. Box model
    1. Introduction
    2. Mastering margin collapsing
  23. Cascade
    1. Introduction
    2. Inheritance
    3. Specificity
    4. Property value processing
    5. Shorthand properties
  24. Custom properties
    1. Using custom properties
  25. Colors
    1. Applying color to HTML
    2. Color values
    3. Using relative colors
    4. Using color wisely
    5. Accessibility: Colors and luminance
    6. Accessibility: Color contrast
  26. Columns
    1. Basic concepts
    2. Styling columns
    3. Using multi-column layouts
    4. Spanning and balancing columns
    5. Handling overflow
    6. Handling content breaks
  27. Conditional rules
    1. Using feature queries
    2. Using container scroll-state queries
  28. Containment
    1. Container queries
    2. Using containment
    3. Using container size and style queries
  29. CSSOM view
    1. Coordinate systems
    2. Viewport concepts
  30. Display
    1. Block and inline layout
    2. Flow layout
    3. Flow layout and overflow
    4. Flow layout and writing modes
    5. In flow and out of flow
    6. Layout and the containing block
    7. Formatting contexts
    8. Block formatting context
    9. Inline formatting context
    10. Using multi-keyword syntax
    11. Visual formatting model
  31. Filter effects
    1. Using filter effects
  32. Flexbox
    1. Basic concepts
    2. Flexbox and other layouts
    3. Aligning flex items
    4. Ordering flex items
    5. Controlling flex item ratios
    6. Wrapping flex items
    7. Typical use cases
  33. Fonts
    1. OpenType features
    2. Variable fonts
    3. WOFF
  34. Grid
    1. Basic concepts
    2. Grid and other layouts
    3. Grid template areas
    4. Using line-based placement
    5. Using named grid lines
    6. Auto-placement
    7. Aligning items
    8. Logical values and writing modes
    9. Common grid layouts
    10. Subgrid
    11. Grid layout and accessibility
    12. Masonry layout


  35. Images
    1. Using gradients
    2. Styling replaced elements
    3. Implementing image sprites
  36. Lists and counters
    1. Using counters
    2. Indenting lists
  37. Logical properties
    1. Basic concepts
    2. Logical properties for floating and positioning
    3. Logical properties for margins, borders, and padding
    4. Logical properties for sizing
  38. Media queries
    1. Using media queries
    2. Using media queries for accessibility
    3. Testing media queries programmatically
    4. Printing
  39. Nesting style rules
    1. Nesting at-rules
    2. Nesting and specificity
    3. Using nesting
  40. Overflow
    1. Creating carousels
  41. Positioning
    1. Stacking context
    2. Stacking floating elements
    3. Understanding z-index
    4. Using z-index
    5. Stacking without z-index
  42. Scroll anchoring
    1. Overview
  43. Scroll snap
    1. Basic concepts
    2. Using scroll snap events
  44. Selectors
    1. Privacy and :visited
    2. Selector structure
    3. Selectors and combinators
    4. Using :target
  45. Shapes
    1. Overview
    2. Box-value shapes
    3. Image-based shapes
    4. Using shape-outside
  46. Syntax
    1. Introduction
    2. Comments
    3. At-rule functions
    4. Error handling
  47. Text
    1. Wrapping and breaking text
    2. Handling whitespace
  48. Text decoration
    1. Text shadows
  49. Transforms
    1. Using transforms
  50. Transitions
    1. Using transitions
  51. Values and units
    1. Value definition syntax
    2. Numeric data types
    3. Textual data types
    4. Using math functions
  52. Layout cookbook
    1. Recipe: Media objects
    2. Column layouts
    3. Center an element
    4. Sticky footers
    5. Split navigation
    6. Breadcrumb navigation
    7. List group with badges
    8. Pagination
    9. Card
    10. Grid wrapper
  54. Tools
    1. Color picker tool
    2. Box-shadow generator
    3. Border-image generator
    4. Border-radius generator
    5. Shape generator
 
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