Channels - .NET | Microsoft Learn

Producer/consumer conceptual programming model

Channels are an implementation of the producer/consumer conceptual programming model. In this programming model, producers asynchronously produce data, and consumers asynchronously consume that data. In other words, this model hands off data from one party to another. Try to think of channels as you would any other common generic collection type, such as a List<T> . The primary difference is that this collection manages synchronization and provides various consumption models through factory creation options. These options control the behavior of the channels, such as how many elements they're allowed to store and what happens if that limit is reached, or whether the channel is accessed by multiple producers or multiple consumers concurrently.

Bounding strategies

Depending on how a Channel<T> is created, its reader and writer behave differently.

To create a channel that specifies a maximum capacity, call Channel.CreateBounded . To create a channel that is used by any number of readers and writers concurrently, call Channel.CreateUnbounded . Each bounding strategy exposes various creator-defined options, either BoundedChannelOptions or UnboundedChannelOptions respectively.

Regardless of the bounding strategy, a channel will always throw a ChannelClosedException when it's used after it's been closed.

Unbounded channels

To create an unbounded channel, call one of the Channel.CreateUnbounded overloads:

var channel = Channel.CreateUnbounded<T>();
When you create an unbounded channel, by default, the channel can be used by any number of readers and writers concurrently. Alternatively, you can specify nondefault behavior when creating an unbounded channel by providing an UnboundedChannelOptions instance. The channel's capacity is unbounded and all writes are performed synchronously. For more examples, see Unbounded creation patterns.
Bounded channels
To create a bounded channel, call one of the Channel.CreateBounded overloads:
var channel = Channel.CreateBounded<T>(7);
The preceding code creates a channel that has a maximum capacity of 7 items. When you create a bounded channel, the channel is bound to a maximum capacity. When the bound is reached, the default behavior is that the channel asynchronously blocks the producer until space becomes available. You can configure this behavior by specifying an option when you create the channel. Bounded channels can be created with any capacity value greater than zero. For other examples, see Bounded creation patterns.
Full mode behavior
When using a bounded channel, you can specify the behavior the channel adheres to when the configured bound is reached. The following table lists the full mode behaviors for each BoundedChannelFullMode value:
Value
Behavior
BoundedChannelFullMode.Wait
This is the default value. Calls to WriteAsync wait for space to be available in order to complete the write operation. Calls to TryWrite return false immediately.
BoundedChannelFullMode.DropNewest
Removes and ignores the newest item in the channel in order to make room for the item being written.
BoundedChannelFullMode.DropOldest
Removes and ignores the oldest item in the channel in order to make room for the item being written.
BoundedChannelFullMode.DropWrite
Drops the item being written.
Important
Whenever a Channel<TWrite,TRead>.Writer produces faster than a Channel<TWrite,TRead>.Reader can consume, the channel's writer experiences back pressure.
Producer APIs
The producer functionality is exposed on the Channel<TWrite,TRead>.Writer. The producer APIs and expected behavior are detailed in the following table:
Expected behavior
ChannelWriter<T>.Complete
Marks the channel as being complete, meaning no more items are written to it.
ChannelWriter<T>.TryComplete
Attempts to mark the channel as being completed, meaning no more data is written to it.
ChannelWriter<T>.TryWrite
Attempts to write the specified item to the channel. When used with an unbounded channel, this always returns true unless the channel's writer signals completion with either ChannelWriter<T>.Complete, or ChannelWriter<T>.TryComplete.
ChannelWriter<T>.WaitToWriteAsync
Returns a ValueTask<TResult> that completes when space is available to write an item.
ChannelWriter<T>.WriteAsync
Asynchronously writes an item to the channel.
Consumer APIs
The consumer functionality is exposed on the Channel<TWrite,TRead>.Reader. The consumer APIs and expected behavior are detailed in the following table:
Expected behavior
ChannelReader<T>.ReadAllAsync
Creates an IAsyncEnumerable<T> that enables reading all of the data from the channel.
ChannelReader<T>.ReadAsync
Asynchronously reads an item from the channel.
ChannelReader<T>.TryPeek
Attempts to peek at an item from the channel.
ChannelReader<T>.TryRead
Attempts to read an item from the channel.
ChannelReader<T>.WaitToReadAsync
Returns a ValueTask<TResult> that completes when data is available to read.
Common usage patterns
There are several usage patterns for channels. The API is designed to be simple, consistent, and as flexible as possible. All of the asynchronous methods return a ValueTask (or ValueTask<bool>) that represents a lightweight asynchronous operation that can avoid allocating if the operation completes synchronously and potentially even asynchronously. Additionally, the API is designed to be composable, in that the creator of a channel makes promises about its intended usage. When a channel is created with certain parameters, the internal implementation can operate more efficiently knowing these promises.
Creation patterns
Imagine that you're creating a producer/consumer solution for a global position system (GPS). You want to track the coordinates of a device over time. A sample coordinates object might look like this:
/// <summary>
/// A representation of a device's coordinates, 
/// which includes latitude and longitude.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="DeviceId">A unique device identifier.</param>
/// <param name="Latitude">The latitude of the device.</param>
/// <param name="Longitude">The longitude of the device.</param>
public readonly record struct Coordinates(
    Guid DeviceId,
    double Latitude,
    double Longitude);
Unbounded creation patterns
One common usage pattern is to create a default unbounded channel:
var channel = Channel.CreateUnbounded<Coordinates>();
But instead, let's imagine that you want to create an unbounded channel with multiple producers and consumers:
var channel = Channel.CreateUnbounded<Coordinates>(
    new UnboundedChannelOptions
        SingleWriter = false,
        SingleReader = false,
        AllowSynchronousContinuations = true
In this case, all writes are synchronous, even the WriteAsync. This is because an unbounded channel always has available room for a write effectively immediately. However, with AllowSynchronousContinuations set to true, the writes may end up doing work associated with a reader by executing their continuations. This doesn't affect the synchronicity of the operation.
Bounded creation patterns
With bounded channels, the configurability of the channel should be known to the consumer to help ensure proper consumption. That is, the consumer should know what behavior the channel exhibits when the configured bound is reached. Let's explore some of the common bounded creation patterns.
The simplest way to create a bounded channel is to specify a capacity:
var channel = Channel.CreateBounded<Coordinates>(1);
The preceding code creates a bounded channel with a max capacity of 1. Other options are available, some options are the same as an unbounded channel, while others are specific to unbounded channels:
var channel = Channel.CreateBounded<Coordinates>(
    new BoundedChannelOptions(1_000)
        SingleWriter = true,
        SingleReader = false,
        AllowSynchronousContinuations = false,
        FullMode = BoundedChannelFullMode.DropWrite
In the preceding code, the channel is created as a bounded channel that's limited to 1,000 items, with a single writer but many readers. Its full mode behavior is defined as DropWrite, which means that it drops the item being written if the channel is full.
To observe items that are dropped when using bounded channels, register an itemDropped callback:
var channel = Channel.CreateBounded(
    new BoundedChannelOptions(10)
        AllowSynchronousContinuations = true,
        FullMode = BoundedChannelFullMode.DropOldest
    static void (Coordinates dropped) =>
        Console.WriteLine($"Coordinates dropped: {dropped}"));
Whenever the channel is full and a new item is added, the itemDropped callback is invoked. In this example, the provided callback writes the item to the console, but you're free to take any other action you want.
Producer patterns
Imagine that the producer in this scenario is writing new coordinates to the channel. The producer can do this by calling TryWrite:
static void ProduceWithWhileAndTryWrite(
    ChannelWriter<Coordinates> writer, Coordinates coordinates)
    while (coordinates is { Latitude: < 90, Longitude: < 180 })
        var tempCoordinates = coordinates with
            Latitude = coordinates.Latitude + .5,
            Longitude = coordinates.Longitude + 1
        if (writer.TryWrite(item: tempCoordinates))
            coordinates = tempCoordinates;
The preceding producer code:
Accepts the Channel<Coordinates>.Writer (ChannelWriter<Coordinates>) as an argument, along with the initial Coordinates.
Defines a conditional while loop that attempts to move the coordinates using TryWrite.
An alternative producer might use the WriteAsync method:
static async ValueTask ProduceWithWhileWriteAsync(
    ChannelWriter<Coordinates> writer, Coordinates coordinates)
    while (coordinates is { Latitude: < 90, Longitude: < 180 })
        await writer.WriteAsync(
            item: coordinates = coordinates with
                Latitude = coordinates.Latitude + .5,
                Longitude = coordinates.Longitude + 1
    writer.Complete();
Again, the Channel<Coordinates>.Writer is used within a while loop. But this time, the WriteAsync method is called. The method will continue only after the coordinates have been written. When the while loop exits, a call to Complete is made, which signals that no more data is written to the channel.
Another producer pattern is to use the WaitToWriteAsync method, consider the following code:
static async ValueTask ProduceWithWaitToWriteAsync(
    ChannelWriter<Coordinates> writer, Coordinates coordinates)
    while (coordinates is { Latitude: < 90, Longitude: < 180 } &&
        await writer.WaitToWriteAsync())
        var tempCoordinates = coordinates with
            Latitude = coordinates.Latitude + .5,
            Longitude = coordinates.Longitude + 1
        if (writer.TryWrite(item: tempCoordinates))
            coordinates = tempCoordinates;
        await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(10));
    writer.Complete();
As part of the conditional while, the result of the WaitToWriteAsync call is used to determine whether to continue the loop.
Consumer patterns
There are several common channel consumer patterns. When a channel is never ending, meaning it produces data indefinitely, the consumer could use a while (true) loop, and read data as it becomes available:
static async ValueTask ConsumeWithWhileAsync(
    ChannelReader<Coordinates> reader)
    while (true)
        // May throw ChannelClosedException if
        // the parent channel's writer signals complete.
        Coordinates coordinates = await reader.ReadAsync();
        Console.WriteLine(coordinates);
This code will throw an exception if the channel is closed.
An alternative consumer could avoid this concern by using a nested while loop, as shown in the following code:
static async ValueTask ConsumeWithNestedWhileAsync(
    ChannelReader<Coordinates> reader)
    while (await reader.WaitToReadAsync())
        while (reader.TryRead(out Coordinates coordinates))
            Console.WriteLine(coordinates);
In the preceding code, the consumer waits to read data. Once the data is available, the consumer tries to read it. These loops continue to evaluate until the producer of the channel signals that it no longer has data to be read. With that said, when a producer is known to have a finite number of items it produces and it signals completion, the consumer can use await foreach semantics to iterate over the items:
static async ValueTask ConsumeWithAwaitForeachAsync(
    ChannelReader<Coordinates> reader)
    await foreach (Coordinates coordinates in reader.ReadAllAsync())
        Console.WriteLine(coordinates);
The preceding code uses the ReadAllAsync method to read all of the coordinates from the channel.
See also
On .NET show: Working with Channels in .NET
.NET Blog: An Introduction to System.Threading.Channels
Managed threading basics