Manage manifest files | Android Studio | Android Developers

Merge multiple manifest files

Your APK or Android App Bundle file can contain just one AndroidManifest.xml file, but your Android Studio project may contain several manifest files provided by the main source set, build variants, and imported libraries. When building your app, the Gradle build merges all manifest files into a single manifest file that's packaged into your app.

The manifest merger tool combines all XML elements from each file by following merge heuristics and obeying merge preferences that you have defined with special XML attributes.

Tip: Use the Merged Manifest view , described in a following section, to preview the results of your merged manifest and find conflict errors.

Merge priorities

The merger tool combines all the manifest files into one file sequentially, based on each manifest file's priority. For example, if you have three manifest files, the lowest-priority manifest is merged into the next-highest-priority manifest, and then that is merged into the highest-priority manifest, as illustrated in figure 1.

There are three basic types of manifest files that may be merged into each other, and their merge priorities are as follows (highest priority first):

Manifest file for your build variant

If you have multiple source sets for your variant, their manifest priorities are as follows:

Build variant manifest (such as


    src/demoDebug/

)

Build type manifest (such as


    src/debug/

)

Product flavor manifest (such as


    src/demo/

)

If you're using flavor dimensions, the manifest priorities correspond to the order each dimension is listed in the flavorDimensions property (first is highest priority).

Main manifest file for the app module

Manifest file from an included library

If you have multiple libraries, their manifest priorities match the order they appear in your Gradle dependencies block.

For example, a library manifest is merged into the main manifest, then the main manifest is merged into the build variant manifest. Note that these are the same merge priorities for all source sets, as described in Build with source sets .

Important: Build configurations from the build.gradle file override any corresponding attributes in the merged manifest file. For example, the minSdk from the build.gradle or build.gradle.kts file overrides the matching attribute in the <uses-sdk> manifest element. To avoid confusion, leave out the <uses-sdk> element and define these properties only in the build.gradle file. For more details, see Configure your build .

Merge conflict heuristics

The merger tool can logically match every XML element from one manifest to a corresponding element in another manifest. For details about how matching works, see the merge priorities in the preceding section.

If an element from the lower-priority manifest doesn't match any elements in the higher-priority manifest, then it is added to the merged manifest. However, if there is a matching element, then the merger tool attempts to combine all attributes from each into the same element. If the tool finds that both manifests contain the same attribute with different values, then a merge conflict occurs.

Table 1 depicts the possible outcomes when the merger tool attempts to combine all attributes into the same element.

Table 1. Default merge behavior for attribute values

High-priority attribute Low-priority attribute Attribute's merged result No value No value No value (use default value) Value B Value B Value A No value Value A Value A Value A Value B Conflict error —you must add a merge rule marker .

However, there are a few situations in which the merger tool behaves differently to avoid merge conflicts:

Attributes in the


    <manifest>

element are never merged together; only the attributes from the highest-priority manifest are used.

The


    android:required

attribute in the


    <uses-feature>

and


    <uses-library>

elements use an OR merge. If there is a conflict,


    "true"

is applied and the feature or library required by one manifest is always included.

Attributes in the


    <uses-sdk>

element always use the value from the higher-priority manifest, except in the following situations:

When the lower-priority manifest has a


    minSdk

value that's higher, an error occurs unless you apply the


     overrideLibrary

merge rule.

When the lower-priority manifest has a


    targetSdkVersion

value that's lower, the merger tool uses the value from the higher-priority manifest, and it also adds any system permissions that are necessary to ensure that the imported library continues to function properly (for cases in which the higher Android version has increased permission restrictions). For more information about this behavior, see the section about implicit system permissions .

The


    <intent-filter>

element is never matched between manifests. Each is treated as unique and is added to the common parent element in the merged manifest.

For all other conflicts between attributes, you receive an error and you must instruct the merger tool how to resolve it by adding a special attribute in the higher-priority manifest file. See the following section about merge rule markers .

Do not depend on default attribute values. Because all unique attributes are combined into the same element, this might cause unexpected results if the higher-priority manifest actually depends on the default value of an attribute without declaring it. For example, if the higher- priority manifest doesn't declare the android:launchMode attribute, then it uses the default value of "standard" —but if the lower-priority manifest declares this attribute with a different value, that value is applied to the merged manifest, which overrides the default value. You should explicitly define each attribute as you want it to be. Default values for each attribute are documented in the manifest reference .

Merge rule markers

A merge rule marker is an XML attribute you can use to express your preference about how to resolve merge conflicts or remove unwanted elements and attributes. You can apply a marker to either an entire element or to just specific attributes in an element.

When merging two manifest files, the merger tool looks for these markers in the higher-priority manifest file.

All markers belong to the Android tools namespace, so you must first declare this namespace in the <manifest> element, as shown here:

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    package="com.example.myapp"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools">

Node markers

To apply a merge rule to an entire XML element (to all attributes in a given manifest element and to all its child tags), use the following attributes:


     tools:node="merge"

Merge all attributes in this tag and all nested elements when there are no conflicts using the merge conflict heuristics . This is the default behavior for elements.

Low-priority manifest:

<activity android:name="com.example.ActivityOne"
    android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="android.intent.action.SEND" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

High-priority manifest:

<activity android:name="com.example.ActivityOne"
    android:screenOrientation="portrait"
    tools:node="merge">
</activity>

Merged manifest result:

<activity android:name="com.example.ActivityOne"
    android:screenOrientation="portrait"
    android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="android.intent.action.SEND" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>


     tools:node="mergeOnlyAttributes"

Merge attributes in this tag only; don't merge nested elements.

Low-priority manifest:

<activity android:name="com.example.ActivityOne"
    android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="android.intent.action.SEND" />
        <data android:type="image/*" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

High-priority manifest:

<activity android:name="com.example.ActivityOne"
    android:screenOrientation="portrait"
    tools:node="mergeOnlyAttributes">
</activity>

Merged manifest result:

<activity android:name="com.example.ActivityOne"
    android:screenOrientation="portrait"
    android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged">
</activity>


     tools:node="remove"

Remove this element from the merged manifest. Used when you discover an element in your merged manifest that you don't need that was provided by a lower-priority manifest file that's out of your control (such as an imported library).

Low-priority manifest:

<activity-alias android:name="com.example.alias">
  <meta-data android:name="cow"
      android:value="@string/moo"/>
  <meta-data android:name="duck"
      android:value="@string/quack"/>
</activity-alias>

High-priority manifest:

<activity-alias android:name="com.example.alias">
  <meta-data android:name="cow"
      tools:node="remove"/>
</activity-alias>

Merged manifest result:

<activity-alias android:name="com.example.alias">
  <meta-data android:name="duck"
      android:value="@string/quack"/>
</activity-alias>


     tools:node="removeAll"

Similar to


     tools:node="remove"

, but it removes all elements matching this element type (within the same parent element).

Low-priority manifest:

<activity-alias android:name="com.example.alias">
  <meta-data android:name="cow"
      android:value="@string/moo"/>
  <meta-data android:name="duck"
      android:value="@string/quack"/>
</activity-alias>

High-priority manifest:

<activity-alias android:name="com.example.alias">
  <meta-data tools:node="removeAll"/>
</activity-alias>

Merged manifest result:

<activity-alias android:name="com.example.alias">
</activity-alias>


     tools:node="replace"

Replace the lower-priority element completely. That is, if there is a matching element in the lower-priority manifest, ignore it and use this element exactly as it appears in this manifest.

Low-priority manifest:

<activity-alias android:name="com.example.alias">
  <meta-data android:name="cow"
      android:value="@string/moo"/>
  <meta-data android:name="duck"
      android:value="@string/quack"/>
</activity-alias>

High-priority manifest:

<activity-alias android:name="com.example.alias"
    tools:node="replace">
  <meta-data android:name="fox"
      android:value="@string/dingeringeding"/>
</activity-alias>

Merged manifest result:

<activity-alias android:name="com.example.alias">
  <meta-data android:name="fox"
      android:value="@string/dingeringeding"/>
</activity-alias>


     tools:node="strict"

Generate a build failure any time this element in the lower-priority manifest doesn't exactly match the element in the higher-priority manifest (unless resolved by other merge rule markers). This overrides the merge conflict heuristics . For example, if the lower-priority manifest includes an extra attribute, the build fails (whereas the default behavior adds the extra attribute to the merged manifest).

Low-priority manifest:

<activity android:name="com.example.ActivityOne"
    android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="android.intent.action.SEND" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

High-priority manifest:

<activity android:name="com.example.ActivityOne"
    android:screenOrientation="portrait"
    tools:node="strict">
</activity>

This creates a manifest merge error. The two manifest elements cannot differ at all in strict mode. You must apply other merge rule markers to resolve these differences. (Without tools:node="strict" , these two files can merge together without errors, as shown in the example for tools:node="merge" .)

To instead apply a merge rule only to specific attributes in a manifest tag, use the following attributes. Each attribute accepts one or more attribute names (including the attribute namespace), separated by commas.


     tools:remove="
     
      attr, ...
     
     "

Remove the specified attributes from the merged manifest. Used when the lower-priority manifest file includes these attributes and you want to ensure they don't go into the merged manifest.

Low-priority manifest:

<activity android:name="com.example.ActivityOne"
    android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged">

High-priority manifest:

<activity android:name="com.example.ActivityOne"
    android:screenOrientation="portrait"
    tools:remove="android:windowSoftInputMode">

Merged manifest result:

<activity android:name="com.example.ActivityOne"
    android:screenOrientation="portrait">


     tools:replace="
     
      attr, ...
     
     "

Replace the specified attributes in the lower-priority manifest with those from this manifest. In other words, always keep the higher-priority manifest's values.

Low-priority manifest:

<activity android:name="com.example.ActivityOne"
    android:theme="@oldtheme"
    android:exported="false"
    android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged">

High-priority manifest:

<activity android:name="com.example.ActivityOne"
    android:theme="@newtheme"
    android:exported="true"
    android:screenOrientation="portrait"
    tools:replace="android:theme,android:exported">

Merged manifest result:

<activity android:name="com.example.ActivityOne"
    android:theme="@newtheme"
    android:exported="true"
    android:screenOrientation="portrait"
    android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged">


     tools:strict="
     
      attr, ...
     
     "

Generate a build failure any time these attributes in the lower-priority manifest don't exactly match the attributes in the higher-priority manifest. This is the default behavior for all attributes, except for those with special behaviors as described in the merge conflict heuristics .

Low-priority manifest:

<activity android:name="com.example.ActivityOne"
    android:screenOrientation="landscape">
</activity>

High-priority manifest:

<activity android:name="com.example.ActivityOne"
    android:screenOrientation="portrait"
    tools:strict="android:screenOrientation">
</activity>

This creates a manifest merge error. You must apply other merge rule markers to resolve the conflict. This is the default behavior, so the same result occurs with explicitly adding tools:strict="screenOrientation" .

You can also apply multiple markers to one element, as shown in the following example:

Low-priority manifest:

<activity android:name="com.example.ActivityOne"
    android:theme="@oldtheme"
    android:exported="false"
    android:allowTaskReparenting="true"
    android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged">

High-priority manifest:

<activity android:name="com.example.ActivityOne"
    android:theme="@newtheme"
    android:exported="true"
    android:screenOrientation="portrait"
    tools:replace="android:theme,android:exported"
    tools:remove="android:windowSoftInputMode">

Merged manifest result:

<activity android:name="com.example.ActivityOne"
    android:theme="@newtheme"
    android:exported="true"
    android:allowTaskReparenting="true"
    android:screenOrientation="portrait">

Marker selector

If you want to apply the merge rule markers to only a specific imported library, add the tools:selector attribute with the library package name.

For example, with the following manifest, the remove merge rule is applied only when the lower-priority manifest file is from the com.example.lib1 library:

<permission android:name="permissionOne"
    tools:node="remove"
    tools:selector="com.example.lib1">

If the lower-priority manifest is from any other source, the remove merge rule is ignored.

Note: If you use this with one of the attribute markers, then it applies to all attributes specified in the marker.

Override <uses-sdk> for imported libraries

By default, when importing a library with a minSdk value that's higher than the main manifest file, an error occurs and the library cannot be imported.

To make the merger tool ignore this conflict and import the library while keeping your app's lower minSdk value, add the overrideLibrary attribute to the <uses-sdk> tag. The attribute value can be one or more library package names (separated by commas), indicating the libraries that can override the main manifest's minSdk .

For example, if your app's main manifest applies overrideLibrary like this:

Then the following manifest can be merged without an error regarding the <uses-sdk> tag, and the merged manifest keeps minSdk="2" from the app manifest.

Implicit system permissions

Some Android APIs that were once freely accessible by apps have become restricted by system permissions in recent versions of Android.

To avoid breaking apps that expect access to these APIs, the recent versions of Android let apps continue accessing those APIs without the permission if the targetSdkVersion is set to a value lower than the version where the restriction was added. This behavior grants the app an implicit permission to allow access to the APIs. The merged manifests that have different values for targetSdkVersion can be affected.

If the lower-priority manifest file has a lower value for targetSdkVersion that provides it an implicit permission, and the higher-priority manifest doesn't have the same implicit permission (because its targetSdkVersion is equal to or higher than the version in which the restriction was added), then the merger tool explicitly adds the system permission to the merged manifest.

For example, if your app sets targetSdkVersion to 4 or higher and imports a library with targetSdkVersion set to 3 or lower, the merger tool adds the WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission to the merged manifest.

Table 2 lists all the possible permissions that could be added to your merged manifest:

Table 2. List of permissions the merger tool might add to the merged manifest

Lower-priority manifest declares Permissions added to the merged manifest targetSdkVersion is 3 or lower WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE, READ_PHONE_STATE targetSdkVersion is 15 or lower and using READ_CONTACTS READ_CALL_LOG targetSdkVersion is 15 or lower and using WRITE_CONTACTS WRITE_CALL_LOG

Inspect the merged manifest and find conflicts

Even before you build your app, you can see a preview of what your merged manifest looks like. To see a preview, do the following:

In Android Studio, open your AndroidManifest.xml file.

Click the Merged Manifest tab at the bottom of the editor.

The Merged Manifest view shows the results of the merged manifest on the left and information about each merged manifest file on the right, as shown in figure 2.

The elements that were merged in from lower-priority manifest files are highlighted in different colors on the left. The key for each color is specified under Manifest Sources.

Figure 2. The Merged Manifest view.

Manifest files that were part of the build but didn't contribute elements or attributes are listed under Other Manifest Files.

To see information about where an element came from, click it in the left pane, and the details appear under Merging Log.

If any conflicts occur, they appear under Merging Errors with a recommendation for how to resolve the conflict using merge rule markers.

The errors are also printed in the Event Log window. To view them, select View > Tool Windows > Event Log.

To see a complete log of the merging decision tree, you can find the log file in your module's build/outputs/logs/ directory, named manifest-merger-buildVariant-report.txt.

Merge policies

The manifest merger tool can logically match every XML element from one manifest file to a corresponding element in another file. The merger matches each element using a match key, either a unique attribute value (such as android:name) or the natural uniqueness of the tag itself (for example, there can be only one <supports-screen> element).

If two manifests have the same XML element, then the tool merges the two elements together using one of three merge policies:

Merge

Combine all non-conflicting attributes into the same tag and merge child elements according to their respective merging policy. If any attributes conflict with each other, merge them together with the merge rule markers.

Merge children only

Do not combine or merge the attributes (keep only the attributes provided by the highest-priority manifest file) and merge child elements according to their merging policy.

Leave the element as-is and add it to the common parent element in the merged file. This is used only when it is acceptable for there to be several declarations of the same element.

Table 3 lists each element type, the type of merge policy used, and the key used to determine an element match between two manifests:

Table 3. Manifest element merge policies and match keys

Element Merge policy Match key <action> Merge android:name attribute <activity> Merge android:name attribute <application> Merge There is only one per <manifest>. <category> Merge android:name attribute Merge There is only one per <intent-filter>. <grant-uri-permission> Merge There is only one per <provider>. <instrumentation> Merge android:name attribute <intent-filter> No matching; several declarations within the parent element are allowed. <manifest> Merge children only There is only one per file. <meta-data> Merge android:name attribute <path-permission> Merge There is only one per <provider>. <permission-group> Merge android:name attribute <permission> Merge android:name attribute <permission-tree> Merge android:name attribute <provider> Merge android:name attribute <receiver> Merge android:name attribute <screen> Merge android:screenSize attribute <service> Merge android:name attribute <supports-gl-texture> Merge android:name attribute <supports-screen> Merge There is only one per <manifest>. <uses-configuration> Merge There is only one per <manifest>. <uses-feature> Merge android:name attribute (if not present, then the android:glEsVersion attribute) <uses-library> Merge android:name attribute <uses-permission> Merge android:name attribute <uses-sdk> Merge There is only one per <manifest>. Custom elements Merge No matching; these are unknown to the merger tool and are always included in the merged manifest.

Inject build variables into the manifest

If you need to insert variables into your AndroidManifest.xml file that are defined in your build.gradle file, you can do so with the manifestPlaceholders property. This property takes a map of key-value pairs, as shown here:

Groovy

android {
    defaultConfig {
        manifestPlaceholders = [hostName:"www.example.com"]

Kotlin

android {
    defaultConfig {
        manifestPlaceholders["hostName"] = "www.example.com"
You can then insert one of the placeholders into the manifest file as an
attribute value:
<intent-filter ... >
    <data android:scheme="https" android:host="${hostName}" ... />
</intent-filter>
By default, the build tools also provide your app's
application ID
in the ${applicationId} placeholder. The value always matches the final
application ID for the current build, including
changes by build variants.
This is useful when you want to use a unique namespace for identifiers
such as an intent action, even between your build variants.
For example, if your build.gradle file looks like this:
Groovy
android {
    defaultConfig {
        applicationId "com.example.myapp"
    flavorDimensions "type"
    productFlavors {
        free {
            applicationIdSuffix ".free"
            dimension "type"
        pro {
            applicationIdSuffix ".pro"
            dimension "type"
Kotlin
android {
    defaultConfig {
        applicationId = "com.example.myapp"
    flavorDimensions += "type"
    productFlavors {
        create("free") {
            applicationIdSuffix = ".free"
            dimension = "type"
        create("pro") {
            applicationIdSuffix = ".pro"
            dimension = "type"
Then you can insert the application ID in your manifest like this:
<intent-filter ... >
    <action android:name="${applicationId}.TRANSMOGRIFY" />
</intent-filter>
And the manifest result when you build the "free" product flavor is this:
<intent-filter ... >
   <action android:name="com.example.myapp.free.TRANSMOGRIFY" />
</intent-filter>
For more information, read
Set the application ID.
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  Last updated 2026-02-26 UTC.
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