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Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2021 Jul 15; 23(7): 724–729.
PMCID: PMC8292654

Language: Chinese | English

儿童髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白抗体病复发因素及预防复发方案疗效的回顾性分析

Recurrence factors for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease in children and the effect of recurrence prevention regimens

朱 飒英

中南大学湘雅医院儿科, 湖南长沙 410007, Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China

Find articles by 朱 飒英

彭 镜

中南大学湘雅医院儿科, 湖南长沙 410007, Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China

Find articles by 彭 镜

毛 蕾蕾

中南大学湘雅医院儿科, 湖南长沙 410007, Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China

Find articles by 毛 蕾蕾

邓 小鹿

中南大学湘雅医院儿科, 湖南长沙 410007, Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China

Find articles by 邓 小鹿

张 慈柳

中南大学湘雅医院儿科, 湖南长沙 410007, Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China

Find articles by 张 慈柳

杨 丽芬

中南大学湘雅医院儿科, 湖南长沙 410007, Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China

Find articles by 杨 丽芬

尹 飞

中南大学湘雅医院儿科, 湖南长沙 410007, Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China

Find articles by 尹 飞

何 芳

中南大学湘雅医院儿科, 湖南长沙 410007, Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China 中南大学湘雅医院儿科, 湖南长沙 410007, Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China [ M ( P 25 P 75 ),次/年]

方案 例次 治疗前ARR 治疗中ARR Z P
注:[RTX]利妥昔单抗;[IVIG]静脉注射用免疫球蛋白;[AZA]硫唑嘌呤;[MMF]吗替麦考酚酯;[ARR]年复发率。
RTX 16 1.15(0.54, 2.05) 0(0, 0) -2.844 0.004
序贯IVIG 3 2.65(1.21, 3.43) 0(0, 3.33) -1.604 0.109
AZA 5 2.65(0.85, 3.92) 0.47(0.10, 1.85) -2.023 0.043
MMF 3 1.14(0.36, 3.45) 0.32(0, 1.82) -1.604 0.109

3. 讨论

早期报道的儿童MOG抗体病中,90%以上表现为ADEM、ON、TM和NMOSD等经典中枢神经系统脱髓鞘综合征 [ 1 ] 。近年来,随着人们对MOG抗体病的临床、病理及发病机制认识水平不断加深,本病的临床表型谱也在不断扩大,脑炎型、脑白质营养不良型等特殊表型的报道不断增加。本研究纳入41例MOG抗体病患儿,发现ADEM为最常见的首发表现,这与国内外已有报道一致 [ 1 , 19 ] ,但本研究中高达29%患儿首发表现不符合经典中枢神经系统脱髓鞘综合征的诊断,高于国内外的早期报道 [ 13 , 19 ] ,这可能和以下原因相关:其一,本研究采用了CBA检测方法,从而提高了不典型患儿的检出率;其二,随着医务工作者对本病认识水平提高,在不明原因脑炎、脑白质病变患儿中加强了MOG抗体检测力度。本研究中非经典型表现主要为3类:不能分类的脑脱髓鞘疾病、自身免疫性脑炎重叠综合征和皮质脑炎。其中,不能分类的脑脱髓鞘疾病(即影像学符合ADEM但无脑病表现)占17%,是第二常见的首发表现,起病中位年龄为3.6岁,早于经典ADEM表型的患儿(7.0岁),提示幼儿及低龄儿童出现脑白质脱髓鞘样改变时需注意筛查MOG抗体。此外,本研究中高达59%(24/41)患儿首次表现为单一脑部受累,临床表现异质性强,值得注意的是,其中2例皮质脑炎患儿,首发症状均为反复发热、头痛、嗜睡、抽搐,脑脊液白细胞增高,但病初头部MRI均正常,在起病2周以后复查头部MRI才发现皮质病变。以上提示,如出现长期发热、嗜睡、脑脊液白细胞增高,考虑颅内感染但病原学依据不足时,需注意及时复查头部影像学、完善MOG抗体筛查,避免漏诊儿童MOG抗体病。

早期报道中MOG抗体病多为单相性病程,即使复发也预后良好 [ 3 ] ;但近期研究显示,复发患者可遗留视觉缺陷、认知障碍、运动障碍及癫痫发作等长期后遗症 [ 5 , 20 ] ,因此,如何识别患儿的复发风险、开展有效的预防复发治疗是当前临床医生关注的热点问题。但目前关于儿童MOG抗体病复发因素分析的大样本、长时间随访的报道较少。本研究显示,超过半数的患儿复发,复发时最常见临床表现为ON,但部分患儿视力下降比较隐匿,提示儿童MOG抗体病随访过程中需关注视神经受累情况,可结合视听诱发电位、眼底检查、视野图等检查方法进行仔细评估。本研究中无症状影像学复发并不少见,共出现了9例次影像学复发,均有颅内受累,以皮质及近皮质白质为主要部位;影像学复发距首次起病时间为7.9个月,和临床复发时间相比更早;提示即使无任何临床表现,仍需在定期随访过程中复查头部MRI,以便早期识别复发。此外,本研究发现急性期皮质激素治疗时间不足3个月的患儿比例是单相病程组的2倍,提示急性期足疗程激素治疗可能降低复发风险。

目前国内外预防MOG抗体病复发的疗法主要借鉴于AQP4阳性的NMOSD成人患者的治疗经验,并且不同研究中心有自己的药物选择偏好,存在较大的治疗差异,有关不同免疫治疗方案对儿童MOG抗体病ARR影响的报道极为少见。近年国内有单中心研究评估了包括RTX、AZA和MMF在内的预防复发方案的效果,结果显示以上方案均能降低ARR [ 13 ] ,但仍需更多数据支持。本研究通过比较RTX、AZA、MMF和序贯IVIG方案的治疗前、治疗中ARR,发现RTX和AZA的效果较好;其余2种方案虽然治疗中ARR和治疗前ARR相比有下降,但差异尚无统计学意义;此外,本研究中还有使用CTX、CsA作为维持治疗方案,两者在同一个病例中先后各使用1例次,因使用次数少,未纳入分析;后续需扩大样本量进一步研究。

综上所述,本研究发现儿童MOG抗体病最常累及脑,首发表现主要是ADEM,但低年龄儿童(≤3岁)以不能分类的脑脱髓鞘疾病起病更常见;超过半数的患儿出现复发,多数复发患儿急性期皮质激素疗程不足3个月;复发时最常见表现为ON,RTX和AZA治疗可能减少复发。但是,本研究为单中心、回顾性研究,存在混杂因素多、样本量偏小等局限性,尚需后续进行前瞻性、大样本、多中心研究进一步确认。

Biographies

朱飒英, 女, 硕士研究生, 住院医师

He F, Email: moc.361@oh_ylbbub

Footnotes

利益冲突声明:所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics are provided here courtesy of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University