最近,较短时间尺度(达数十年)的ITCZ迁移已被研究证实,特别是在所谓的
早冰期(
Early Ice Age
)
[3]
。这时气候变化可以归因于许多因素,比如日照(sunstroke)的变化,一些大型火山的爆发,以及海洋和大气环流之间反馈机制的放大影响等等
[4]
。而这个位于自然证据(如湖泊或海洋沉积物,或洞穴石笋)证实了水平衡在这时发生了显著的变化,并且这些变化一定影响了人类赖以生存的农业资源。(那么,)又有哪些证据表明这些文明受到了
气候变化
的影响呢?
3. 苏美尔文明
图2.(a)近东地区现代降雨分布以及一些古代城市的位置。 (b)左:阿曼湾M5-422海洋核心沉积物白云石含量的变化。这种矿物的存在证明该大陆处于干旱时期(灰阶图)。右:由雷兰城(Tell Leilan)(叙利亚)的发掘结果推导出的阿卡德帝国(Akkadian Empire)的年代。[左图改编自 Geyer and Sauvage, 背景地图: Виктор В CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)] ;右图改编自 Cullen et al., 2000, 参考文献 5]
苏美尔文明在公元前2334年左右经历了一个转折点:新统领萨尔贡国王把各个城市聚集在新首都阿卡德麾下,建立了阿卡德帝国。然而,一个世纪后,也就是大约4100年前,这个帝国似乎遭遇了一次重大挫折。人们常用“阿卡德帝国的崩溃(collapse of the Akkadian empire)”一词来形容大城市在整个地区失去政治影响力,或是描述大型武力冲突和大量城市人口的流失。但通常来讲,4100年前后的这次崩溃并不是真正意义上的 “崩溃”,因为300年后该地区仍有阿卡德帝国统治的痕迹。
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MALAIZE Bruno
, 马拉泽 布鲁诺,高级讲师,HDR, UMR 5805 EPOC (Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux, 海洋大陆环境与古环境实验室) ,Université de Bordeaux (波尔多大学)