尼可地尔联合替罗非班对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者PPCI无复流的疗效观察

齐 琪 1 ,牛竞辉 2 ,陈 涛 1 ,姜志安 1*
(1.河北医科大学第三医院心血管二科,河北 石家庄 050051; 2.河北医科大学第三医院关节一科,河北 石家庄 050051)

[摘要] 目的观察冠状动脉靶血管内注射尼可地尔联合替罗非班对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(primary percutaneous coronary intervention,PPCI)术中无复流现象(no-reflow phenomenon,NRP)的治疗作用。方法选择急性STEMI患者120例,随机分为替罗非班组(T组)、尼可地尔组(N组)与联合用药组(T+N组),每组40例。于术中NRP发生即刻,T组、N组及T+N组经微导管冠状动脉靶血管内分别注射替罗非班25 μg/kg、尼可地尔4 mg及替罗非班25 μg/kg+尼可地尔4 mg,术后3组分别静脉泵注替罗非班0.15 μg·kg -1 ·min -1 、尼可地尔8 mg/h、替罗非班0.15 μg·kg -1 ·min -1 +尼可地尔8 mg/h至24 h。观察PPCI术前及结束时梗死相关血管心肌梗死溶栓试验(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI)血流分级、校正帧幅数(corrected TIMI frame count,cTFC)、TIMI心肌灌注分级(TIMI myocardial perfusion grade,TMPG)、术后90 min ST段回落率(ST-segment resolution,STR),肌酸激酶同工酶(creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB,CK-MB)和肌钙蛋白I(cardiac troponin-I,cTnI)术前值及其术后峰值,术后1周 N端脑钠肽前体(n-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide,NTproBNP)、室壁运动积分指数(wall motion score index,WMSI)及左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fractions,LVEF),术中恶性心律失常、低血压、出血情况及术后住院期间主要心脏不良事件(major adverse cardiacevents,MACEs)发生率。结果与N组和T组比,T+N组PPCI术后cTFC帧数、术后CK-MB和cTnI峰值及术后1周NTproBNP、WMSI均明显降低( P <0.05),而术后达到TIMI 3级和TMPG 3级的比例、术后90 min 完全STR及术后1周LVEF显著升高( P <0.05);N组与T组比较,上述指标差异无统计学意义( P >0.05)。N组及T+N组术中恶性心律失常发生率较T组低( P <0.05)。结论冠状动脉靶血管内注射尼可地尔联合替罗非班可安全、有效地治疗急性STEMI患者PPCI术中NRP,改善心肌灌注分级和心功能。

[关键词] 心肌梗死;无复流现象;经皮冠状动脉介入治疗

直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(primary percutaneous coronary intervention,PPCI)一直被认为是治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)最有效的策略 [1-3] 。在PPCI术中,尽管心外膜冠状动脉血流已建立,但仍有20%~40%的患者没有达到足够的心肌再灌注,称为无复流现象(no-reflow phenomenon,NRP) [4] ,由于其可扩大心肌坏死面积,导致更严重、且不可逆的左心室收缩功能不全,而成为死亡的独立预测因子 [5-6] 。替罗非班为高特异性血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体抑制剂,可抑制血小板聚集,改善内皮功能,从而增加微血管血流,已广泛用于急性STEMI患者PPCI术中NRP的治疗 [1,7-12] 。尼可地尔为具有硝酸酯样特性的三磷酸腺苷敏感性钾离子通道激动剂,可扩张冠状动脉微血管,降低微血管阻力,已有将其用于NRP发生后治疗的报道 [13] 。但二药联合应用对NRP治疗效果是否更佳,目前报道尚少。本研究观察冠状动脉靶血管内注射尼可地尔联合替罗非班对急性STEMI患者PPCI术中NRP的治疗作用,并与单独应用替罗非班或尼可地尔进行对比,旨在探讨联合用药对NRP的治疗效果。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料 选择2015年1月—2017年2月我院收治的急性STEMI行PPCI术中出现NRP患者120例,按随机数字表法分为替罗非班组(T组)40例,男性24例,女性26例,年龄40~74岁,平均(60±8)岁;尼可地尔组(N组)40例,男性26例, 女性24例,年龄46~73岁,平均(59±7)岁;联合用药组(T+N组)40例,男性27例,女性23例,年龄46~74岁,平均(60±7)岁。T组和T+N组各有1例中途退出研究,最终纳入统计学处理的人数T组、N组与T+N组分别为39、40和39例。3组性别、年龄、既往史等基线资料差异均无统计学意义( P >0.05),具有可比性。见表1。

患者自愿参加并签署知情同意书。

表1 3组基本资料比较
Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics in the 3 groups

组别例数吸烟(例数,%)高血压(例数,%)高血脂(例数,%)2型糖尿病(例数,%)罪犯血管LAD(例数,%)RCA(例数,%)LCX(例数,%)T组 3911(28.2)19(48.7)13(33.3)15(38.5)19(48.7)13(33.3)7(17.9)N组 4014(35.0)17(42.5)16(40.0)15(37.5)16(40.0)18(45.0)6(15.0)T+N组3913(33.3)22(56.4)15(38.5)17(43.6)16(41.0)16(41.0)7(17.9)χ20.4521.5330.4100.3510.7261.1560.163P0.7980.4650.8150.8390.6960.5610.922组别例数年龄(x-±s,岁)体质量指数(x-±s)血小板计数(x-±s,×109/L)凝血酶原时间(x-±s,s)住院时间(x-±s,d)处理血管数(x-±s,支)植入支架数(x-±s,枚)T组 3960±822.9±2.1231±3911.2±1.214±41.4±0.61.5±0.7N组 4059±722.8±2.0234±3611.4±2.015±41.4±0.61.5±0.7T+N组3960±722.3±2.0226±3811.0±1.215±51.5±0.61.6±0.7F0.4120.9310.4840.6690.8360.0730.097P0.6630.3970.6180.5140.4360.9300.907

注:LAD为左前降支;RCA为右冠状动脉主干;LCX为左回旋支

1.2 入选标准和排除标准 入选患者均符合世界卫生组织(world health organization,WHO)急性STEMI诊断标准:①持续胸痛至少30 min;②心电图示ST段抬高胸导联>0.2 mV、肢体导联>0.1 mV,或新出现左束支传导阻滞;③肌钙蛋白(cardiac troponin,cTn)、肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)及其肌酸激酶同工酶(creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB,CK-MB)升高 [14] 。均于症状发作12 h内行PPCI术。NRP诊断标准:PPCI后梗死相关血管(infarct related artery,IRA)在无夹层、内膜下撕裂、痉挛及血栓栓塞等机械性梗阻情况下前向血流≤TIMI 2级 [4] 。排除标准:冠状动脉搭桥术后、心源性休克(Killip Ⅳ级)、严重肝肾功能不全(血肌酐>30 mg/L)及有出血病史者。

1.3 用药方法 术前均口服阿司匹林300 mg、氯吡格雷600 mg及阿托伐他汀钙40 mg,常规方法行PPCI术:首选桡动脉入路,术前经动脉鞘管注射普通肝素70 U/kg,均先经球囊预扩后再植入支架。术中无复流发生即刻,T组经微导管冠状动脉靶血管内注射替罗非班(规格12.5 mg/支,山东新时代药业有限公司)25 μg/kg(生理盐水稀释至10 ml,注射时间3 min)、术后继以0.15 μg·kg -1 ·min -1 静脉泵注24 h;N组以同样方法注射尼可地尔4 mg(规格12 mg/支,北京四环科宝制药有限公司)、术后8 mg/h持续静脉泵注24 h;T+N组冠状动脉靶血管内先给予尼可地尔4 mg后立即给予替罗非班25 μg/kg,术后同时静脉泵注替罗非班0.15 μg·kg -1 ·min -1 与尼可地尔8 mg/h至24 h。术中如血压低于90/60 mmHg或较基础血压下降30 mmHg,给予多巴胺静脉泵注。当发生心室颤动或持续多形性室速时立即行非同步直流电除颤。若出现严重出血,停用替罗非班,并及时治疗出血。术后6 h起皮下注射低分子肝素钠4 250 U,每12 h 1次至术后7 d,阿司匹林100 mg/d、氯吡格雷75 mg/d口服至术后12个月,并据患者情况加用调脂、降压及降糖等药物。

1.4 观察指标 由2名高年资介入医师对诊断性(术前)及PPCI完成即刻(术后)冠状动脉造影进行分析,并对IRA心肌梗死溶栓试验(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI)血流分级、TIMI血流帧幅数(TIMI frame count,TFC)及 TIMI心肌灌注分级(TIMI myocardial perfusion grade,TMPG)进行评估。

1.4.1 TIMI血流分级及TFC测量 [13] TIMI 0级为无灌注;TIMI 1级为渗透无灌注;TIMI 2级为部分再灌注;TIMI 3级为完全再灌注。TFC测量:计算造影剂从IRA起始处完全显影至其末梢显影所需显影帧数;LAD较LCX和RCA长,而冠状动脉长度影响TFC值,故将LAD的TFC除以1.7为校正后的帧数(corrected TIMI frame count,cTFC)。

1.4.2 TMPG 利用造影剂能否充盈微循环和由微循环排空以及充盈和排空的速度来评估微循环水平的灌注状态。TMPG分为4级 [13] :0级,无心肌充盈显影,也无排空;1级,心肌充盈显影和排空很慢,约30 s造影剂仍然滞留;2级,心肌充盈显影和排空缓慢,造影剂滞留时间>3个心动周期;3级,心肌充盈显影和排空均正常。

1.4.3 ST段回落(ST-segment resolution,STR) 术后90 min行全导联心电图检查,ST段高度以TP段为等电位线,从J点后60 ms测量,取ST段抬高最著导联测量。STR分为 [4] :完全STR(CR),≥70%;部分STR(PR),≥30%但<70%;无STR(NR),<30%。

1.4.4 CK-MB、cTnI、N端脑钠肽前体(n-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide,NTproBNP)、室壁运动积分指数(wall motion score index,WMSI)及左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fractions,LVEF) 记录CK-MB、cTnI术前值及其术后(术后每4 h检测1次)峰值,术前及术后1周查NTproBNP及心脏彩色超声,并计算WMSI及LVEF。

1.4.5 恶性心律失常、平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)、心率(heart rate,HR)、低血压(需行处理的)及出血情况 出血分级 [15] :严重出血,如颅内出血或出血致血流动力学不稳定,需行干预;中度出血,即需输血治疗,但血流动力学稳定;轻度出血,即出血尚未达到上述标准。记录术后住院期间主要心脏不良事件(major adverse cardiacevents,MACEs)发生率,包括新发梗死、恶性心律失常、充血性心力衰竭及死亡。

1.5 统计学方法 应用SPSS 22.0统计软件分析数据。计量资料比较分别采用 F 检验、 q 检验和配对 t 检验;计数资料比较采用χ 2 检验。 P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 TIMI血流分级、cTFC帧数、达到TMPG 3级的比例及术后STR情况 术前TIMI血流分级、cTFC帧数及达到TMPG 3级的比例3组间差异均无统计学意义( P >0.05)。与T组和N组相比,术后T+N组TIMI 0~2级的比例及cTFC帧数明显低,而达到TIMI 3级及TMPG 3级的比例明显高,且术后90 min STR完全回落者明显多( P <0.05);N组与T组相比,上述指标差异均无统计学意义( P >0.05)。见表2。

表2 3组TIMI血流分级、cTFC、STR与TMPG分级比较
Table 2 Comparision of TIMI blood flow grade,cTFC,STR and TMPG grade after operations in the 3 groups

组别例数TIMI血流分级(例数,%)术前0~2级术前3级术后0~2级术后3级cTFC(x-±s,帧)术前术后T组 3936(92.3)3(7.7) 11(28.2)28(71.8)49±1228±7N组 4036(90.0)4(10.0)11(27.5)29(72.5)45±1328±7T+N组3935(89.7)4(12.3) 2(5.1)*# 37(94.9)*#44±12 23±5*#χ2/F0.8858.3251.6657.287P0.9120.0160.1940.001组别例数STR(例数,%)NRPRCRTMPG3级(例数,%)术前术后T组 393(7.7)7(17.9)29(74.4)2(5.1)26(66.7)N组 401(2.5)8(20.0)31(77.5)3(7.5)27(67.5)T+N组390(0.0)1(2.6) 38(97.4)*#4(10.3) 36(92.3)*#χ210.2750.7298.966P0.0360.6940.011

* P <0.05与T组比较 # P <0.05与N组比较

2.2 3组CK-MB、cTnI、NTproBNP、WMSI及LVEF比较 术前3组间CK-MB、cTnI、NTproBNP、WMSI 和LVEF差异均无统计学意义( P >0.05)。术后各组CK-MB峰值、cTnI 峰值和LVEF均较术前升高,NTproBNP较术前降低( P <0.05),T+N组术后CK-MB峰值、cTnI峰值及术后1 周NTproBNP、WMSI较T组和N组明显降低, LVEF较较T组和N组明显升高( P <0.05)。N组与T组相比,上述指标差异均无统计学意义( P >0.05)。见表3。

表3 3组CK-MB、cTnI、NTproBNP、WMSI及LVEF比较
Table 3 Comparision of CK-MB、cTnI、NTproBNP、WMSI and LVEF in the 3 groups

组别例数CK-MB(U/L)术前术后峰值cTnI(μg/L)术前术后峰值NTproBNP(ng/L)术前术后1周T组 39123±38262±61a2.9±0.87.2±1.7a568±142383±67aN组 40133±40252±66a3.0±1.06.9±2.1a547±127397±72aT+N组39116±42160±55*#a2.7±0.94.3±1.4*#a556±122298±73*#aF1.79733.5130.90631.3470.25122.288P0.1700.0000.4070.0000.7780.000

表3 (续)

组别例数WMSI术前术后1周LVEF(%)术前术后1周T组 391.39±0.241.39±0.2548±455±4aN组 401.40±0.251.41±0.2649±455±4aT+N组391.41±0.261.21±0.20*#49±558±5*#aF0.0697.9550.9125.438P0.9330.0010.4050.006

* P <0.05与T组比较 # P <0.05与N组比较 a P <0.05与术前比较

2.3 3组不良事件比较 术中N组及T+N组恶性心律失常发生率较T组明显降低( P <0.05),术中低血压及出血分级、术后住院期间MACEs发生率3组比较差异无统计学意义( P >0.05)。见表4。

表4 3组不良事件比较
Table 4 Comparision of adverse events in the 3 groups

组别例数恶性心律失常(例数,%)MAP(x-±s,mmHg)HR(x-±s,次/min)低血压(例数,%)轻度出血(例数,%)中度出血(例数,%)MACEs(例数,%)T组 399(23.1)77±775±71(2.6)3(7.7)2(5.1)2(5.1)N组 401(2.5)*74±674±72(5.0)1(2.5)1(2.5)1(2.5)T+N组391(2.6)*75±776±82(5.1)3(7.7)2(5.1)0(0.0)χ2/F13.0381.2661.1670.3131.2770.4502.826P0.0010.2860.3150.5760.5280.7980.243

* P <0.05与T组比较

3 讨 论

临床研究发现,PPCI可尽早开通急性STEMI冠状动脉罪犯血管,恢复冠状动脉血流 [1-3] ,但并非心肌微循环血管达到完全再灌注,仍有缺血的心肌未能得到有效血流灌注,心电图ST段未能回落,即发生NRP [5-6] 。作为心肌微循环障碍的重要表现,NRP发生与血栓栓塞和缺血再灌注损伤最为相关 [13] 。急性STEMI患者行PPCI时,球囊扩张及支架植入致粥样硬化斑块中的脂质残渣、内皮细胞碎片及血栓栓子碎片脱落,除直接阻塞微血管外,尚可使微血管内发生血小板聚集,进而形成血栓,导致微循环障碍 [13] 。由于血小板激活、聚集是血栓形成的重要机制,因此临床常采用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷及替罗非班等防治NRP。Lago等 [6] 在急性STEMI患者PPCI术中冠状动脉注射替罗非班25 μg/kg,术后替罗非班0.15 μg·kg -1 ·min -1 持续应用24 h,可降低NRP的发生率和严重程度。缺血再灌注损伤为PPCI术中NRP发生的另一重要机制 [16] :冠状动脉缺血使其微血管内皮细胞受损、肿胀及释放舒/缩血管因子失衡,致微血管收缩、痉挛、管腔狭窄,进一步加重缺血;再灌注又使冠状动脉微循环内暴发中性粒细胞及血小板浸润,除阻塞微血管外,还释放大量促炎因子及活性氧加重炎症反应,增加间质水肿而压迫血管。针对此机制目前常采用扩血管药物如维拉帕米、硝普钠及尼可地尔等治疗NRP。作为新药,尼可地尔目前已被认可为治疗NRP最重要药物之一 [13] 。Ono等 [17] 于NRP发生后冠状动脉内注射尼可地尔4 mg,术后8 mg/h静脉持续应用24 h,可改善心功能及急性STEMI患者临床预后。Chen等 [13] 和Kostic等 [18] 于急性STEMI患者冠状动脉内注射尼可地尔不仅减少心肌损伤及术中NRP和室性心律失常的发生,还可显著降低术后血管阻力指数,从而改善冠状动脉血流储备和心室功能,并使心力衰竭的发生率和住院病死率明显降低。

然而,NRP是一个多病理改变相关的多因素现象,虽最终导致微血管阻塞和心肌灌注受损,但不同的患者,其发生机制可能各异,甚或是2种至多种发病机制联合发挥作用。因此,应用单一药物难于达到良好的治疗效果。本研究将作用机制不同的尼可地尔和替罗非班联合应用于冠状动脉靶血管注射,结果与N组和T组相比,其术后TIMI 0~2级的比例及cTFC帧数明显低,而达到TIMI 3级及TMPG 3级的比例及术后90 min STR完全回落显著升高,且其术后CK-MB、cTnI、NTproBNP及WMSI均明显低于N组和T组,而LVEF则显著升高。TIMI血流分级可反映心外膜血流灌注,cTFC帧数及TMPG可客观评价冠状动脉微血管的血流灌注情况,判断有无复流 [16] ;术后90 min心电图STR则提示PPCI术后损伤心肌的恢复情况 [13] ,用于判断心肌再灌注水平,如再灌注治疗成功,抬高的STR可回至基线 [16] ;CK-MB、cTnI、NTproBNP、WMSI及LVEF则反映心功能水平 [13] 。因此,本研究结果提示尼可地尔和替罗非班联合应用不仅对提高IRA及其微血管的血流灌注和心肌灌注水平,且对改善PPCI术后心功能的效果均明显优于2药物之一的单独应用,故其对NRP的治疗效果较佳。替罗非班通过与血小板表面的GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体结合,抑制血小板与纤维原蛋白及vWF结合,从而抑制血小板聚集,降低血栓负荷,改善内皮功能,增加微血管血流 [7,10] 。尼可地尔可通过:①ATP敏感性钾通道激活后抑制Na + /Ca 2+ 交换,降低心肌Ca 2+ 水平,减少心肌损伤;②减少中性粒细胞活化,抑制炎症反应,从而降低血管阻力;③扩张直径<100 μm的微血管,降低心脏前负荷,改善心肌微循环 [19] 。因此,二药联合应用可以从扩张冠状动脉微循环血管、抑制氧化应激和炎症反应、改善冠状动脉内皮功能及抑制血小板激活和聚集防止微循环血栓形成等机制对NRP治疗发挥协同效应。另外,本研究结果显示,N组及T+N组术中恶性心律失常发生率较低,与尼可地尔激活线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道、保护心肌细胞有关。3组术中低血压、出血情况及MACEs发生率差异无统计学意义,提示尼可地尔和替罗非班联合可以安全应用于冠状动脉靶血管内注射。

总之,冠状动脉靶血管内注射尼可地尔联合替罗非班可安全、有效地治疗急性STEMI患者PPCI术中NRP,改善心肌灌注分级和心功能,临床上值得推广应用。本研究尚有待于扩大样本量进一步探讨两药物联合冠状动脉靶血管内注射对急性STEMI患者PPCI术NRP治疗的远期效应。

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(本文编辑:许卓文)

Effect nicorandil combined with tirofiban on PPCI of no-reflow in the patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

QI Qi 1 , NIU Jing-Hui 2 , CHEN Tao 1 , JIANG Zhi-an 1*
(1. The Second Department of Cardiology , the Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050051, China ; 2. The First Department of Jiont , the Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050051, China )

[Abstract] Objective To observe the treatment effects of the targeted coronary intravascular injection of nicorandil combined with tirofiban on no-reflow phenomenon(NRP) during primary percutaneous coronary intervention(PPCI)in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI). Methods One hundred and twenty patients with acute STEMI were randomly divided into tirofiban group(T group), nicorandil group(N group) and combined medication group(T+N group), each group had 40 cases. When the NRP occurred,T group, N group and T+N group were injected with tirofiban(25 μg/kg), nicorandil(4 mg) and tirofiban(25 μg/kg) plus nicorandil(4 mg) respectively by the micro catheter coronary target vessels. After the operation, 3 groups were injected intravenously tirofiban(0.15 μg·kg -1 ·min -1 ), nicorandil(8 mg/h), tirofiban(0.15 μg·kg -1 ·min -1 )plus nicorandil(8 mg/h) for 24 h, respectively. The thrombolysis in myocardial infarction(TIMI) blood flow grade of infarction related artery, corrected TIMI frame count(cTFC), TIMI myocardial perfusion grade(TMPG) before and at the end of PPCI operations, the ST-segment resolution(STR) rate 90 min after operations, creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB(CK-MB) and cardiac troponin-I(cTnI) before operations and those peak volume after operations, n-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide(NTproBNP), wall motion score index(WMSI), left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF), the incidence of intraoperative malignant arrhythmia, hypotension, bleeding and major adverse cardiac events(MACEs) after operations were observed and recorded. Results Compared with N group and T group, the cTFC frames and the peak volume of CK-MB and cTnI after PPCI, and NTproBNP and WMSI 1 week after operations in T+N group were significantly decreased( P <0.05), but the proportion of TIMI 3 grade and TMPG 3 grade after operations, the STR rate 90 min after operations and the LVEF 1 week after operations in T+N group were significantly higher( P <0.05). There was no significant difference in the above indice between N group and T group( P >0.05). The incidence of malignant arrhythmia rate in N group or T+N group was lower than that in T group( P <0.05). Conclusion Target coronary intravascular injection of nicorandil combined with tirofiban after NRP occurred can safely and effectively treat the occurrence of NRP during PPCI operation in acute STEMI patients, and improve the level of myocardial perfusion and heart function.

[Key words] myocardial infarction; no-reflow phenomenon; percutaneous coronary intervention

[收稿日期] 2017-05-02;

[修回日期] 2017-05-18

[作者简介] 齐琪(1992-),女,河北河间人,河北医科大学第三医院医学硕士研究生,从事冠心病介入治疗研究。

*通讯作者。E-mail:doctorJiangzhian@163.com

[中图分类号] R542.22