SPI 全称为 (Service Provider Interface) ，是JDK内置的一种服务提供发现机制。SPI是一种动态替换发现的机制， 比如有个接口，想运行时动态的给它添加实现，你只需要添加一个实现。我们经常遇到的就是java.sql.Driver接口，其他不同厂商可以针对同一接口做出不同的实现，mysql和postgresql都有不同的实现提供给用户，而Java的SPI机制可以为某个接口寻找服务实现。
如上图所示，接口对应的抽象SPI接口；实现方实现SPI接口；调用方依赖SPI接口。
SPI接口的定义在调用方，在概念上更依赖调用方；组织上位于调用方所在的包中，实现位于独立的包中。
当服务的提供者提供了一种接口的实现之后，需要在classpath下的META-INF/services/目录里创建一个以服务接口命名的文件，这个文件里的内容就是这个接口的具体的实现类。当其他的程序需要这个服务的时候，就可以通过查找这个jar包（一般都是以jar包做依赖）的META-INF/services/中的配置文件，配置文件中有接口的具体实现类名，可以根据这个类名进行加载实例化，就可以使用该服务了。JDK中查找服务实现的工具类是：java.util.ServiceLoader。
2、SPI的用途
数据库DriverManager、Spring、ConfigurableBeanFactory等都用到了SPI机制，这里以数据库DriverManager为例，看一下其实现的内幕。
DriverManager是jdbc里管理和注册不同数据库driver的工具类。针对一个数据库，可能会存在着不同的数据库驱动实现。我们在使用特定的驱动实现时，不希望修改现有的代码，而希望通过一个简单的配置就可以达到效果。 在使用mysql驱动的时候，会有一个疑问，DriverManager是怎么获得某确定驱动类的？我们在运用Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver")加载mysql驱动后，就会执行其中的静态代码把driver注册到DriverManager中，以便后续的使用。
Driver实现
package com.mysql.jdbc;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
public class Driver extends NonRegisteringDriver implements java.sql.Driver {
public Driver() throws SQLException {
static {
try {
DriverManager.registerDriver(new Driver());
} catch (SQLException var1) {
throw new RuntimeException("Can't register driver!");
驱动的类的静态代码块中，调用DriverManager的注册驱动方法new一个自己当参数传给驱动管理器。
Mysql DriverManager实现
* Load the initial JDBC drivers by checking the System property
* jdbc.properties and then use the {@code ServiceLoader} mechanism
static {
loadInitialDrivers();
println("JDBC DriverManager initialized");
可以看到其内部的静态代码块中有一个loadInitialDrivers方法，loadInitialDrivers用法用到了上文提到的spi工具类ServiceLoader:
private static void loadInitialDrivers() {
String drivers;
try {
drivers = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<String>() {
public String run() {
return System.getProperty("jdbc.drivers");
} catch (Exception ex) {
drivers = null;
// If the driver is packaged as a Service Provider, load it.
// Get all the drivers through the classloader
// exposed as a java.sql.Driver.class service.
// ServiceLoader.load() replaces the sun.misc.Providers()
AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
public Void run() {
ServiceLoader<Driver> loadedDrivers = ServiceLoader.load(Driver.class);
Iterator<Driver> driversIterator = loadedDrivers.iterator();
/* Load these drivers, so that they can be instantiated.
* It may be the case that the driver class may not be there
* i.e. there may be a packaged driver with the service class
* as implementation of java.sql.Driver but the actual class
* may be missing. In that case a java.util.ServiceConfigurationError
* will be thrown at runtime by the VM trying to locate
* and load the service.
* Adding a try catch block to catch those runtime errors
* if driver not available in classpath but it's
* packaged as service and that service is there in classpath.
while(driversIterator.hasNext()) {
driversIterator.next();
} catch(Throwable t) {
// Do nothing
return null;
println("DriverManager.initialize: jdbc.drivers = " + drivers);
if (drivers == null || drivers.equals("")) {
return;
String[] driversList = drivers.split(":");
println("number of Drivers:" + driversList.length);
for (String aDriver : driversList) {
try {
println("DriverManager.Initialize: loading " + aDriver);
Class.forName(aDriver, true,
ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());
} catch (Exception ex) {
println("DriverManager.Initialize: load failed: " + ex);
先查找jdbc.drivers属性的值，然后通过SPI机制查找驱动
public final class ServiceLoader<S>
implements Iterable<S>
private static final String PREFIX = "META-INF/services/";
private boolean hasNextService() {
if (nextName != null) {
return true;
if (configs == null) {
try {
String fullName = PREFIX + service.getName();
if (loader == null)
configs = ClassLoader.getSystemResources(fullName);
configs = loader.getResources(fullName);
} catch (IOException x) {
fail(service, "Error locating configuration files", x);
while ((pending == null) || !pending.hasNext()) {
if (!configs.hasMoreElements()) {
return false;
pending = parse(service, configs.nextElement());
nextName = pending.next();
return true;
可以看到加载META-INF/services/ 文件夹下类名为文件名（这里相当于Driver.class.getName()）的资源，然后将其加载到虚拟机。
注释有这么一句“Load these drivers, so that they can be instantiated.” 意思是加载SPI扫描到的驱动来触发他们的初始化。即触发他们的static代码块
* Registers the given driver with the {@code DriverManager}.
* A newly-loaded driver class should call
* the method {@code registerDriver} to make itself
* known to the {@code DriverManager}. If the driver is currently
* registered, no action is taken.
* @param driver the new JDBC Driver that is to be registered with the
* {@code DriverManager}
* @param da the {@code DriverAction} implementation to be used when
* {@code DriverManager#deregisterDriver} is called
* @exception SQLException if a database access error occurs
* @exception NullPointerException if {@code driver} is null
* @since 1.8
public static synchronized void registerDriver(java.sql.Driver driver,
DriverAction da)
throws SQLException {
/* Register the driver if it has not already been added to our list */
if(driver != null) {
registeredDrivers.addIfAbsent(new DriverInfo(driver, da));
} else {
// This is for compatibility with the original DriverManager
throw new NullPointerException();
println("registerDriver: " + driver);
将自己注册到驱动管理器的驱动列表中
public class DriverManager {
// List of registered JDBC drivers
private final static CopyOnWriteArrayList<DriverInfo> registeredDrivers = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
当获取连接的时候调用驱动管理器的连接方法从列表中获取。
@CallerSensitive
public static Connection getConnection(String url,
String user, String password) throws SQLException {
java.util.Properties info = new java.util.Properties();
if (user != null) {
info.put("user", user);
if (password != null) {
info.put("password", password);
return (getConnection(url, info, Reflection.getCallerClass()));
private static Connection getConnection(
String url, java.util.Properties info, Class<?> caller) throws SQLException {
* When callerCl is null, we should check the application's
* (which is invoking this class indirectly)
* classloader, so that the JDBC driver class outside rt.jar
* can be loaded from here.
ClassLoader callerCL = caller != null ? caller.getClassLoader() : null;
synchronized(DriverManager.class) {
// synchronize loading of the correct classloader.
if (callerCL == null) {
callerCL = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
if(url == null) {
throw new SQLException("The url cannot be null", "08001");
println("DriverManager.getConnection(\"" + url + "\")");
// Walk through the loaded registeredDrivers attempting to make a connection.
// Remember the first exception that gets raised so we can reraise it.
SQLException reason = null;
for(DriverInfo aDriver : registeredDrivers) {
// If the caller does not have permission to load the driver then
// skip it.
if(isDriverAllowed(aDriver.driver, callerCL)) {
try {
println(" trying " + aDriver.driver.getClass().getName());
Connection con = aDriver.driver.connect(url, info);
if (con != null) {
// Success!
println("getConnection returning " + aDriver.driver.getClass().getName());
return (con);
} catch (SQLException ex) {
if (reason == null) {
reason = ex;
} else {
println(" skipping: " + aDriver.getClass().getName());
// if we got here nobody could connect.
if (reason != null) {
println("getConnection failed: " + reason);
throw reason;
println("getConnection: no suitable driver found for "+ url);
throw new SQLException("No suitable driver found for "+ url, "08001");
private static boolean isDriverAllowed(Driver driver, ClassLoader classLoader) {
boolean result = false;
if(driver != null) {
Class<?> aClass = null;
try {
aClass = Class.forName(driver.getClass().getName(), true, classLoader);
} catch (Exception ex) {
result = false;
result = ( aClass == driver.getClass() ) ? true : false;
return result;
