SpringBoot应用启动原理(二) 扩展URLClassLoader实现嵌套jar加载

segmentfault 博客原文引用

在上篇文章《SpringBoot应用启动原理(一) 将启动脚本嵌入jar》中介绍了SpringBoot如何将启动脚本与Runnable Jar整合为Executable Jar的原理,使得生成的jar/war文件可以直接启动
本篇将介绍SpringBoot如何扩展URLClassLoader实现嵌套jar的类(资源)加载,以启动我们的应用。

本篇示例使用 java8 + grdle4.2 + SpringBoot2.0.0.release 环境

首先,从一个简单的示例开始

build.gradle

group 'com.manerfan.spring'
version '1.0.0'
apply plugin: 'java'
apply plugin: 'java-library'
sourceCompatibility = 1.8
buildscript {
    ext {
        SpringBootVersion = '2.0.0.RELEASE'
    repositories {
        mavenLocal()
        maven {
            name 'aliyun maven central'
            url 'http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public'
    dependencies {
        classpath("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-gradle-plugin:${SpringBootVersion}")
apply plugin: 'org.springframework.boot'
apply plugin: 'io.spring.dependency-management'
bootJar {
    launchScript()
repositories {
    mavenLocal()
    maven {
        name 'aliyun maven central'
        url 'http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public'
dependencies {
    api 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web'

WebApp.java

@SpringBootApplication
@RestController
public class WebApp {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(WebApp.class, args);
    @RequestMapping("/")
    @GetMapping
    public String hello() {
        return "Hello You!";

执行gradle build构建jar包,里面包含应用程序第三方依赖以及SpringBoot启动程序,其目录结构如下

spring-boot-theory-1.0.0.jar
├── META-INF
│   └── MANIFEST.MF
├── BOOT-INF
│   ├── classes
│   │   └── 应用程序
│   └── lib
│       └── 第三方依赖jar
└── org
    └── springframework
        └── boot
            └── loader
                └── SpringBoot启动程序

查看MANIFEST.MF的内容(MANIFEST.MF文件的作用请自行GOOGLE)

Manifest-Version: 1.0
Start-Class: com.manerfan.SpringBoot.theory.WebApp
Main-Class: org.springframework.boot.loader.JarLauncher

可以看到,jar的启动类为org.springframework.boot.loader.JarLauncher,而并不是我们的com.manerfan.SpringBoot.theory.WebApp,应用程序入口类被标记为了Start-Class

jar启动并不是通过应用程序入口类,而是通过JarLauncher代理启动。其实SpringBoot拥有3中不同的Launcher:JarLauncherWarLauncherPropertiesLauncher

image

SpringBoot使用Launcher代理启动,其最重要的一点便是可以自定义ClassLoader,以实现对jar文件内(jar in jar)或其他路径下jar、class或资源文件的加载
关于ClassLoader的更多介绍可参考《深入理解JVM之ClassLoader》

Archive

  • 通常为tar/zip等格式压缩包
  • jar为zip格式归档文件
  • SpringBoot抽象了Archive的概念,一个Archive可以是jar(JarFileArchive),可以是一个文件目录(ExplodedArchive),可以抽象为统一访问资源的逻辑层。

    上例中,spring-boot-theory-1.0.0.jar既为一个JarFileArchive,spring-boot-theory-1.0.0.jar!/BOOT-INF/lib下的每一个jar包也是一个JarFileArchive
    将spring-boot-theory-1.0.0.jar解压到目录spring-boot-theory-1.0.0,则目录spring-boot-theory-1.0.0为一个ExplodedArchive

    public interface Archive extends Iterable<Archive.Entry> {
        // 获取该归档的url
        URL getUrl() throws MalformedURLException;
        // 获取jar!/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF或[ArchiveDir]/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF
        Manifest getManifest() throws IOException;
        // 获取jar!/BOOT-INF/lib/*.jar或[ArchiveDir]/BOOT-INF/lib/*.jar
        List<Archive> getNestedArchives(EntryFilter filter) throws IOException;
    

    JarLancher

    Launcher for JAR based archives. This launcher assumes that dependency jars are included inside a /BOOT-INF/lib directory and that application classes are included inside a /BOOT-INF/classes directory.

    按照定义,JarLauncher可以加载内部/BOOT-INF/lib下的jar及/BOOT-INF/classes下的应用class

    其实JarLauncher实现很简单

    public class JarLauncher extends ExecutableArchiveLauncher {
        public JarLauncher() {}
        public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
            new JarLauncher().launch(args);
    

    其主入口新建了JarLauncher并调用父类Launcher中的launch方法启动程序
    再创建JarLauncher时,父类ExecutableArchiveLauncher找到自己所在的jar,并创建archive

    public abstract class ExecutableArchiveLauncher extends Launcher {
        private final Archive archive;
        public ExecutableArchiveLauncher() {
            try {
                // 找到自己所在的jar,并创建Archive
                this.archive = createArchive();
            catch (Exception ex) {
                throw new IllegalStateException(ex);
    public abstract class Launcher {
        protected final Archive createArchive() throws Exception {
            ProtectionDomain protectionDomain = getClass().getProtectionDomain();
            CodeSource codeSource = protectionDomain.getCodeSource();
            URI location = (codeSource == null ? null : codeSource.getLocation().toURI());
            String path = (location == null ? null : location.getSchemeSpecificPart());
            if (path == null) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Unable to determine code source archive");
            File root = new File(path);
            if (!root.exists()) {
                throw new IllegalStateException(
                        "Unable to determine code source archive from " + root);
            return (root.isDirectory() ? new ExplodedArchive(root)
                    : new JarFileArchive(root));
    

    在Launcher的launch方法中,通过以上archive的getNestedArchives方法找到/BOOT-INF/lib下所有jar及/BOOT-INF/classes目录所对应的archive,通过这些archives的url生成LaunchedURLClassLoader,并将其设置为线程上下文类加载器,启动应用

    public abstract class Launcher {
        protected void launch(String[] args) throws Exception {
            JarFile.registerUrlProtocolHandler();
            // 生成自定义ClassLoader
            ClassLoader classLoader = createClassLoader(getClassPathArchives());
            // 启动应用
            launch(args, getMainClass(), classLoader);
        protected void launch(String[] args, String mainClass, ClassLoader classLoader)
                throws Exception {
            // 将自定义ClassLoader设置为当前线程上下文类加载器
            Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(classLoader);
            // 启动应用
            createMainMethodRunner(mainClass, args, classLoader).run();
    public abstract class ExecutableArchiveLauncher extends Launcher {
        protected List<Archive> getClassPathArchives() throws Exception {
            // 获取/BOOT-INF/lib下所有jar及/BOOT-INF/classes目录对应的archive
            List<Archive> archives = new ArrayList<>(
                    this.archive.getNestedArchives(this::isNestedArchive));
            postProcessClassPathArchives(archives);
            return archives;
    public class MainMethodRunner {
        // Start-Class in MANIFEST.MF
        private final String mainClassName;
        private final String[] args;
        public MainMethodRunner(String mainClass, String[] args) {
            this.mainClassName = mainClass;
            this.args = (args == null ? null : args.clone());
        public void run() throws Exception {
            // 加载应用程序主入口类
            Class<?> mainClass = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader()
                    .loadClass(this.mainClassName);
            // 找到main方法
            Method mainMethod = mainClass.getDeclaredMethod("main", String[].class);
            // 调用main方法,并启动
            mainMethod.invoke(null, new Object[] { this.args });
    

    至此,才执行我们应用程序主入口类的main方法,所有应用程序类文件均可通过/BOOT-INF/classes加载,所有依赖的第三方jar均可通过/BOOT-INF/lib加载

    LaunchedURLClassLoader

    在分析LaunchedURLClassLoader前,首先了解一下URLStreamHandler

    URLStreamHandler

    java中定义了URL的概念,并实现多种URL协议(见URL) *http* *file* *ftp* *jar* 等,结合对应的URLConnection可以灵活地获取各种协议下的资源

    public URL(String protocol,
               String host,
               int port,
               String file,
               URLStreamHandler handler)
        throws MalformedURLException
    

    对于jar,每个jar都会对应一个url,如
    jar:file:/data/spring-boot-theory/BOOT-INF/lib/spring-aop-5.0.4.RELEASE.jar!/

    jar中的资源,也会对应一个url,并以'!/'分割,如
    jar:file:/data/spring-boot-theory/BOOT-INF/lib/spring-aop-5.0.4.RELEASE.jar!/org/springframework/aop/SpringProxy.class

    对于原始的JarFile URL,只支持一个'!/',SpringBoot扩展了此协议,使其支持多个'!/',以实现jar in jar的资源,如
    jar:file:/data/spring-boot-theory.jar!/BOOT-INF/lib/spring-aop-5.0.4.RELEASE.jar!/org/springframework/aop/SpringProxy.class

    自定义URL的类格式为[pkgs].[protocol].Handler,在运行Launcher的launch方法时调用了JarFile.registerUrlProtocolHandler()以注册自定义的 Handler

    private static final String PROTOCOL_HANDLER = "java.protocol.handler.pkgs";
    private static final String HANDLERS_PACKAGE = "org.springframework.boot.loader";
    public static void registerUrlProtocolHandler() {
        String handlers = System.getProperty(PROTOCOL_HANDLER, "");
        System.setProperty(PROTOCOL_HANDLER, ("".equals(handlers) ? HANDLERS_PACKAGE
                : handlers + "|" + HANDLERS_PACKAGE));
        resetCachedUrlHandlers();
    

    在处理如下URL时,会循环处理'!/'分隔符,从最上层出发,先构造spring-boot-theory.jar的JarFile,再构造spring-aop-5.0.4.RELEASE.jar的JarFile,最后构造指向SpringProxy.class的
    JarURLConnection ,通过JarURLConnection的getInputStream方法获取SpringProxy.class内容

    jar:file:/data/spring-boot-theory.jar!/BOOT-INF/lib/spring-aop-5.0.4.RELEASE.jar!/org/springframework/aop/SpringProxy.class
    

    从一个URL,到读取其中的内容,整个过程为

  • 注册一个Handler处理‘jar:’这种协议
  • 扩展JarFile、JarURLConnection,处理jar in jar的情况
  • 循环处理,找到内层资源
  • 通过getInputStream获取资源内容
  • URLClassLoader可以通过原始的jar协议,加载jar中从class文件
    LaunchedURLClassLoader 通过扩展的jar协议,以实现jar in jar这种情况下的class文件加载

    WarLauncher

    构建war包很简单

  • build.gradle中引入插件 apply plugin: 'war'
  • build.gradle中将内嵌容器相关依赖设为providedprovidedRuntime 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-tomcat'
  • 修改WebApp内容,重写SpringBootServletInitializer的configure方法
  • @SpringBootApplication
    @RestController
    public class WebApp extends SpringBootServletInitializer {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            SpringApplication.run(WebApp.class, args);
        @Override
        protected SpringApplicationBuilder configure(SpringApplicationBuilder builder) {
            return builder.sources(WebApp.class);
        @RequestMapping("/")
        @GetMapping
        public String hello() {
            return "Hello You!";
    

    构建出的war包,其目录机构为

    spring-boot-theory-1.0.0.war
    ├── META-INF
    │   └── MANIFEST.MF
    ├── WEB-INF
    │   ├── classes
    │   │   └── 应用程序
    │   └── lib
    │       └── 第三方依赖jar
    │   └── lib-provided
    │       └── 与内嵌容器相关的第三方依赖jar
    └── org
        └── springframework
            └── boot
                └── loader
                    └── SpringBoot启动程序
    

    MANIFEST.MF内容为

    Manifest-Version: 1.0
    Start-Class: com.manerfan.SpringBoot.theory.WebApp
    Main-Class: org.springframework.boot.loader.WarLauncher
    

    此时,启动类变为了org.springframework.boot.loader.WarLauncher,查看WarLauncher实现,其实与JarLauncher并无太大差别

    public class WarLauncher extends ExecutableArchiveLauncher {
        private static final String WEB_INF = "WEB-INF/";
        private static final String WEB_INF_CLASSES = WEB_INF + "classes/";
        private static final String WEB_INF_LIB = WEB_INF + "lib/";
        private static final String WEB_INF_LIB_PROVIDED = WEB_INF + "lib-provided/";
        public WarLauncher() {
        @Override
        public boolean isNestedArchive(Archive.Entry entry) {
            if (entry.isDirectory()) {
                return entry.getName().equals(WEB_INF_CLASSES);
            else {
                return entry.getName().startsWith(WEB_INF_LIB)
                        || entry.getName().startsWith(WEB_INF_LIB_PROVIDED);
        public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
            new WarLauncher().launch(args);
    

    差别仅在于,JarLauncher在构建LauncherURLClassLoader时,会搜索BOOT-INF/classes目录及BOOT-INF/lib目录下jar,WarLauncher在构建LauncherURLClassLoader时,则会搜索WEB-INFO/classes目录及WEB-INFO/lib和WEB-INFO/lib-provided两个目录下的jar

    如此依赖,构建出的war便支持两种启动方式

  • 直接运行./spring-boot-theory-1.0.0.war start
  • 部署到Tomcat容器下
  • PropertiesLauncher

    PropretiesLauncher 的实现与 JarLauncher WarLauncher 的实现极为相似,通过PropretiesLauncher可以实现更为轻量的thin jar,其实现方式可自行查阅源码