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style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><style data-emotion="css khel7y">.css-khel7y{padding:0 8px;width:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent;}.css-khel7y:hover{background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-khel7y:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-khel7y.Mui-disabled{opacity:0.38;background-color:transparent;}.css-khel7y.Mui-focused{background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);}.css-khel7y.Mui-selected{background-color:rgba(25, 118, 210, 0.08);}.css-khel7y.Mui-selected:hover{background-color:rgba(25, 118, 210, 0.12);}@media (hover: none){.css-khel7y.Mui-selected:hover{background-color:rgba(25, 118, 210, 0.08);}}.css-khel7y.Mui-selected.Mui-focused{background-color:rgba(25, 118, 210, 0.2);}.css-khel7y .MuiTreeItem-iconContainer{margin-right:4px;width:15px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;}.css-khel7y .MuiTreeItem-iconContainer svg{font-size:18px;}.css-khel7y .MuiTreeItem-label{width:100%;min-width:0;padding-left:4px;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5rem;font-family:"Helvetica Neue","sans-serif";font-weight:400;font-style:normal;color:#666666;}</style><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><style data-emotion="css 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Neue","sans-serif";font-weight:400;font-style:normal;color:#666666;color:inherit;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.25rem;}</style><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Docs Home</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-1" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">About TiDB</div></div><style data-emotion="css xjq79n">.css-xjq79n{-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;fill:currentColor;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-transition:fill 200ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 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css-1hwyipb">Quick Start</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-3" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Develop</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-4" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Deploy</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-5" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Migrate</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-6" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Integrate</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-7" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Maintain</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-8" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Monitor and Alert</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-9" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Troubleshoot</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-10" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Performance Tuning</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="true" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content Mui-expanded" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Tutorials</div></div><style data-emotion="css 171pefp">.css-171pefp{-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;fill:currentColor;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-transition:fill 200ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:fill 200ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;font-size:1.5rem;fill:#999999;height:1rem;width:1rem;margin-left:auto;-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg);-moz-transform:rotate(90deg);-ms-transform:rotate(90deg);transform:rotate(90deg);}</style><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-171pefp" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css 1xxsnna">.css-1xxsnna{height:auto;overflow:visible;-webkit-transition:height 300ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:height 300ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;margin:0;padding:0;margin-left:17px;}</style><ul class="MuiCollapse-root MuiCollapse-vertical MuiTreeItem-group MuiCollapse-entered css-1xxsnna" style="min-height:0px" role="group"><div class="MuiCollapse-wrapper MuiCollapse-vertical css-hboir5"><div class="MuiCollapse-wrapperInner MuiCollapse-vertical css-8atqhb"><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-0" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><style data-emotion="css kb2j4b">.css-kb2j4b{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;min-height:1.75rem;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding-left:0.5rem;padding-top:0.25rem;padding-bottom:0.25rem;}</style><div class="css-kb2j4b"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/tidb/stable/multi-data-centers-in-one-city-deployment"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Multiple Availability Zones in One Region Deployment</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-1" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-kb2j4b"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/tidb/stable/three-data-centers-in-two-cities-deployment"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Three Availability Zones in Two Regions Deployment</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-2" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-kb2j4b"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/tidb/stable/two-data-centers-in-one-city-deployment"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Two Availability Zones in One Region Deployment</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-3" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-kb2j4b"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Read Historical Data</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="true" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-4" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content Mui-expanded" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-kb2j4b"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Best Practices</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-171pefp" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div><ul class="MuiCollapse-root MuiCollapse-vertical MuiTreeItem-group MuiCollapse-entered css-1xxsnna" style="min-height:0px" role="group"><div class="MuiCollapse-wrapper MuiCollapse-vertical css-hboir5"><div class="MuiCollapse-wrapperInner MuiCollapse-vertical css-8atqhb"><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-4-0" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><style data-emotion="css snygwd">.css-snygwd{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;min-height:1.75rem;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding-left:1rem;padding-top:0.25rem;padding-bottom:0.25rem;}</style><div class="css-snygwd"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/tidb/stable/tidb-best-practices"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Use TiDB</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-4-1" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content Mui-expanded" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-snygwd"><a aria-current="page" style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" class="" href="/tidb/stable/java-app-best-practices"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Java Application Development</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-4-2" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-snygwd"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/tidb/stable/haproxy-best-practices"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Use HAProxy</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-4-3" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-snygwd"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/tidb/stable/high-concurrency-best-practices"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Highly Concurrent Write</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-4-4" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-snygwd"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/tidb/stable/grafana-monitor-best-practices"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Grafana Monitoring</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-4-5" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-snygwd"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/tidb/stable/pd-scheduling-best-practices"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">PD Scheduling</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-4-6" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-snygwd"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/tidb/stable/massive-regions-best-practices"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">TiKV Performance Tuning with Massive Regions</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-4-7" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-snygwd"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/tidb/stable/three-nodes-hybrid-deployment"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Three-node Hybrid Deployment</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-4-8" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-snygwd"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/tidb/stable/three-dc-local-read"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Local Read Under Three Data Centers Deployment</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-4-9" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-snygwd"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/tidb/stable/uuid"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Use UUIDs</div></div></a></div></div></div></li></div></div></ul></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-5" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-kb2j4b"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/tidb/stable/configure-placement-rules"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Use Placement Rules</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-6" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-kb2j4b"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/tidb/stable/configure-load-base-split"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Use Load Base Split</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-7" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-kb2j4b"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/tidb/stable/configure-store-limit"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Use Store Limit</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-8" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-kb2j4b"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/tidb/stable/ddl-introduction"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">DDL Execution Principles and Best Practices</div></div></a></div></div></div></li></div></div></ul></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-12" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">TiDB Tools</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-13" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Reference</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-14" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">FAQs</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-15" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Release Notes</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-16" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/tidb/stable/glossary"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Glossary</div></div></a></div></div></div></li></ul></div></aside><style data-emotion="css sb2sd0">.css-sb2sd0{width:100%;}@media (min-width:1200px){.css-sb2sd0{max-width:calc(100% - 18.75rem);}}</style><main class="MuiBox-root css-sb2sd0"><style data-emotion="css 1rnnmjb">.css-1rnnmjb{max-width:1340px;width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;display:block;box-sizing:border-box;}</style><div class="MuiBox-root css-1rnnmjb"><style data-emotion="css 90fn5w">.css-90fn5w{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}@media (min-width:0px){.css-90fn5w{-webkit-flex-direction:column-reverse;-ms-flex-direction:column-reverse;flex-direction:column-reverse;}}@media (min-width:600px){.css-90fn5w{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}</style><div class="css-90fn5w"><style data-emotion="css vofosd">.css-vofosd{padding:1.5rem 0;}@media (min-width:0px){.css-vofosd{width:100%;}}@media (min-width:600px){.css-vofosd{width:calc(100% - 17.5rem);}}</style><div class="MuiBox-root css-vofosd"><style data-emotion="css 1ekb41w">.css-1ekb41w{width:100%;margin-left:auto;box-sizing:border-box;margin-right:auto;display:block;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-1ekb41w{padding-left:24px;padding-right:24px;}}@media (min-width:1536px){.css-1ekb41w{max-width:1536px;}}</style><div class="MuiContainer-root MuiContainer-maxWidthXl doc-content css-1ekb41w"><div class="markdown-body MuiBox-root css-0"><h1 id="best-practices-for-developing-java-applications-with-tidb" style="position:relative"><a href="#best-practices-for-developing-java-applications-with-tidb" aria-label="best practices for developing java applications with tidb permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>Best Practices for Developing Java Applications with TiDB</h1><p>This document introduces the best practice for developing Java applications to better use TiDB. Based on some common Java application components that interact with the backend TiDB database, this document also provides the solutions to commonly encountered issues during development.</p><h2 id="database-related-components-in-java-applications" style="position:relative"><a href="#database-related-components-in-java-applications" aria-label="database related components in java applications permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>Database-related components in Java applications</h2><p>Common components that interact with the TiDB database in Java applications include:</p><ul><li>Network protocol: A client interacts with a TiDB server via the standard <a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/client-server-protocol.html" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">MySQL protocol</a>.</li><li>JDBC API and JDBC drivers: Java applications usually use the standard <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/jdbc/" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)</a> API to access a database. To connect to TiDB, you can use a JDBC driver that implements the MySQL protocol via the JDBC API. Such common JDBC drivers for MySQL include <a href="https://github.com/mysql/mysql-connector-j" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">MySQL Connector/J</a> and <a href="https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/about-mariadb-connector-j/#about-mariadb-connectorj" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">MariaDB Connector/J</a>.</li><li>Database connection pool: To reduce the overhead of creating a connection each time it is requested, applications usually use a connection pool to cache and reuse connections. JDBC <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/javax/sql/DataSource.html" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">DataSource</a> defines a connection pool API. You can choose from different open-source connection pool implementations as needed.</li><li>Data access framework: Applications usually use a data access framework such as <a href="https://mybatis.org/mybatis-3/index.html" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">MyBatis</a> and <a href="https://hibernate.org/" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">Hibernate</a> to further simplify and manage the database access operations.</li><li>Application implementation: The application logic controls when to send what commands to the database. Some applications use <a href="https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/4.2.x/spring-framework-reference/html/transaction.html" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">Spring Transaction</a> aspects to manage transactions' start and commit logics.</li></ul><p><img src="https://download.pingcap.com/images/docs/best-practices/java-practice-1.png" alt="Java application components"/></p><p>From the above diagram, you can see that a Java application might do the following things:</p><ul><li>Implement the MySQL protocol via the JDBC API to interact with TiDB.</li><li>Get a persistent connection from the connection pool.</li><li>Use a data access framework such as MyBatis to generate and execute SQL statements.</li><li>Use Spring Transaction to automatically start or stop a transaction.</li></ul><p>The rest of this document describes the issues and their solutions when you develop a Java application using the above components.</p><h2 id="jdbc" style="position:relative"><a href="#jdbc" aria-label="jdbc permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>JDBC</h2><p>Java applications can be encapsulated with various frameworks. In most of the frameworks, JDBC API is called on the bottommost level to interact with the database server. For JDBC, it is recommended that you focus on the following things:</p><ul><li>JDBC API usage choice</li><li>API Implementer's parameter configuration</li></ul><h3 id="jdbc-api" style="position:relative"><a href="#jdbc-api" aria-label="jdbc api permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>JDBC API</h3><p>For JDBC API usage, see <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/jdbc/" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">JDBC official tutorial</a>. This section covers the usage of several important APIs.</p><h4 id="use-prepare-api" style="position:relative"><a href="#use-prepare-api" aria-label="use prepare api permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>Use Prepare API</h4><p>For OLTP (Online Transactional Processing) scenarios, the SQL statements sent by the program to the database are several types that can be exhausted after removing parameter changes. Therefore, it is recommended to use <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/jdbc/basics/prepared.html" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">Prepared Statements</a> instead of regular <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/jdbc/basics/processingsqlstatements.html#executing_queries" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">execution from a text file</a> and reuse Prepared Statements to execute directly. This avoids the overhead of repeatedly parsing and generating SQL execution plans in TiDB.</p><p>At present, most upper-level frameworks call the Prepare API for SQL execution. If you use the JDBC API directly for development, pay attention to choosing the Prepare API.</p><p>In addition, with the default implementation of MySQL Connector/J, only client-side statements are preprocessed, and the statements are sent to the server in a text file after <code>?</code> is replaced on the client. Therefore, in addition to using the Prepare API, you also need to configure <code>useServerPrepStmts = true</code> in JDBC connection parameters before you perform statement preprocessing on the TiDB server. For detailed parameter configuration, see <a href="#mysql-jdbc-parameters">MySQL JDBC parameters</a>.</p><h4 id="use-batch-api" style="position:relative"><a href="#use-batch-api" aria-label="use batch api permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>Use Batch API</h4><p>For batch inserts, you can use the <a href="https://www.tutorialspoint.com/jdbc/jdbc-batch-processing" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade"><code>addBatch</code>/<code>executeBatch</code> API</a>. The <code>addBatch()</code> method is used to cache multiple SQL statements first on the client, and then send them to the database server together when calling the <code>executeBatch</code> method.</p><style data-emotion="css 1weqspv">.css-1weqspv{padding-top:0.5rem;padding-bottom:0.5rem;}.css-1weqspv .MuiAlert-message p{margin-bottom:0px;margin-top:0px;}</style><div class="MuiBox-root css-1weqspv"><style data-emotion="css 17zlexa">.css-17zlexa{font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.25rem;font-family:"Helvetica Neue","sans-serif";font-weight:400;font-style:normal;color:rgb(1, 67, 97);background-color:rgb(229, 246, 253);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding:6px 16px;}.css-17zlexa .MuiAlert-icon{color:#03a9f4;}</style><style data-emotion="css 152gid5">.css-152gid5{background-color:#fff;color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87);-webkit-transition:box-shadow 300ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:box-shadow 300ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:none;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.25rem;font-family:"Helvetica Neue","sans-serif";font-weight:400;font-style:normal;color:rgb(1, 67, 97);background-color:rgb(229, 246, 253);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding:6px 16px;}.css-152gid5 .MuiAlert-icon{color:#03a9f4;}</style><div class="MuiPaper-root MuiPaper-elevation MuiPaper-rounded MuiPaper-elevation0 MuiAlert-root MuiAlert-standardInfo MuiAlert-standard css-152gid5" role="alert"><style data-emotion="css 1l54tgj">.css-1l54tgj{margin-right:12px;padding:7px 0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:22px;opacity:0.9;}</style><div class="MuiAlert-icon css-1l54tgj"><style data-emotion="css 1cw4hi4">.css-1cw4hi4{-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;fill:currentColor;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-transition:fill 200ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:fill 200ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;font-size:inherit;}</style><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeInherit css-1cw4hi4" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="InfoOutlinedIcon"><path d="M11,9H13V7H11M12,20C7.59,20 4,16.41 4,12C4,7.59 7.59,4 12,4C16.41,4 20,7.59 20, 12C20,16.41 16.41,20 12,20M12,2A10,10 0 0,0 2,12A10,10 0 0,0 12,22A10,10 0 0,0 22,12A10, 10 0 0,0 12,2M11,17H13V11H11V17Z"/></svg></div><style data-emotion="css 1xsto0d">.css-1xsto0d{padding:8px 0;min-width:0;overflow:auto;}</style><div class="MuiAlert-message css-1xsto0d"><style data-emotion="css 1h2y6o4">.css-1h2y6o4{font-weight:500;margin-top:-2px;}</style><style data-emotion="css 17ioyuk">.css-17ioyuk{margin:0;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5rem;font-family:"Helvetica Neue","sans-serif";font-weight:400;font-style:normal;color:#666666;margin-bottom:0.35em;font-weight:500;margin-top:-2px;}</style><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 MuiTypography-gutterBottom MuiAlertTitle-root css-17ioyuk">Note</div><p>In the default MySQL Connector/J implementation, the sending time of the SQL statements that are added to batch with <code>addBatch()</code> is delayed to the time when <code>executeBatch()</code> is called, but the statements will still be sent one by one during the actual network transfer. Therefore, this method usually does not reduce the amount of communication overhead.</p><p>If you want to batch network transfer, you need to configure <code>rewriteBatchedStatements = true</code> in the JDBC connection parameters. For the detailed parameter configuration, see <a href="#batch-related-parameters">Batch-related parameters</a>.</p></div></div></div><h4 id="use-streamingresult-to-get-the-execution-result" style="position:relative"><a href="#use-streamingresult-to-get-the-execution-result" aria-label="use streamingresult to get the execution result permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>Use <code>StreamingResult</code> to get the execution result</h4><p>In most scenarios, to improve execution efficiency, JDBC obtains query results in advance and save them in client memory by default. But when the query returns a super large result set, the client often wants the database server to reduce the number of records returned at a time, and waits until the client's memory is ready and it requests for the next batch.</p><p>Usually, there are two kinds of processing methods in JDBC:</p><ul><li><p><a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/connector-j/8.0/en/connector-j-reference-implementation-notes.html#ResultSet" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">Set <code>FetchSize</code> to <code>Integer.MIN_VALUE</code></a> to ensure that the client does not cache. The client will read the execution result from the network connection through <code>StreamingResult</code>.</p><p> When the client uses the streaming read method, it needs to finish reading or close <code>resultset</code> before continuing to use the statement to make a query. Otherwise, the error <code>No statements may be issued when any streaming result sets are open and in use on a given connection. Ensure that you have called .close() on any active streaming result sets before attempting more queries.</code> is returned.</p><p> To avoid such an error in queries before the client finishes reading or closes <code>resultset</code>, you can add the <code>clobberStreamingResults=true</code> parameter in the URL. Then, <code>resultset</code> is automatically closed but the result set to be read in the previous streaming query is lost.</p></li><li><p>To use Cursor Fetch, first <a href="http://makejavafaster.blogspot.com/2015/06/jdbc-fetch-size-performance.html" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">set <code>FetchSize</code></a> as a positive integer and configure <code>useCursorFetch=true</code> in the JDBC URL.</p></li></ul><p>TiDB supports both methods, but it is preferred that you use the first method, because it is a simpler implementation and has a better execution efficiency.</p><h3 id="mysql-jdbc-parameters" style="position:relative"><a href="#mysql-jdbc-parameters" aria-label="mysql jdbc parameters permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>MySQL JDBC parameters</h3><p>JDBC usually provides implementation-related configurations in the form of JDBC URL parameters. This section introduces <a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/connector-j/8.0/en/connector-j-reference-configuration-properties.html" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">MySQL Connector/J's parameter configurations</a> (If you use MariaDB, see <a href="https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/about-mariadb-connector-j/#optional-url-parameters" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">MariaDB's parameter configurations</a>). Because this document cannot cover all configuration items, it mainly focuses on several parameters that might affect performance.</p><h4 id="prepare-related-parameters" style="position:relative"><a href="#prepare-related-parameters" aria-label="prepare related parameters permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>Prepare-related parameters</h4><p>This section introduces parameters related to <code>Prepare</code>.</p><h5 id="useserverprepstmts" style="position:relative"><a href="#useserverprepstmts" aria-label="useserverprepstmts permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a><code>useServerPrepStmts</code></h5><p><code>useServerPrepStmts</code> is set to <code>false</code> by default, that is, even if you use the Prepare API, the "prepare" operation will be done only on the client. To avoid the parsing overhead of the server, if the same SQL statement uses the Prepare API multiple times, it is recommended to set this configuration to <code>true</code>.</p><p>To verify that this setting already takes effect, you can do:</p><ul><li>Go to TiDB monitoring dashboard and view the request command type through <strong>Query Summary</strong> &gt; <strong>CPS By Instance</strong>.</li><li>If <code>COM_QUERY</code> is replaced by <code>COM_STMT_EXECUTE</code> or <code>COM_STMT_PREPARE</code> in the request, it means this setting already takes effect.</li></ul><h5 id="cacheprepstmts" style="position:relative"><a href="#cacheprepstmts" aria-label="cacheprepstmts permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a><code>cachePrepStmts</code></h5><p>Although <code>useServerPrepStmts=true</code> allows the server to execute Prepared Statements, by default, the client closes the Prepared Statements after each execution and does not reuse them. This means that the "prepare" operation is not even as efficient as text file execution. To solve this, it is recommended that after setting <code>useServerPrepStmts=true</code>, you should also configure <code>cachePrepStmts=true</code>. This allows the client to cache Prepared Statements.</p><p>To verify that this setting already takes effect, you can do:</p><ul><li>Go to TiDB monitoring dashboard and view the request command type through <strong>Query Summary</strong> &gt; <strong>CPS By Instance</strong>.</li><li>If the number of <code>COM_STMT_EXECUTE</code> in the request is far more than the number of <code>COM_STMT_PREPARE</code>, it means this setting already takes effect.</li></ul><p>In addition, configuring <code>useConfigs=maxPerformance</code> will configure multiple parameters at the same time, including <code>cachePrepStmts=true</code>.</p><h5 id="prepstmtcachesqllimit" style="position:relative"><a href="#prepstmtcachesqllimit" aria-label="prepstmtcachesqllimit permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a><code>prepStmtCacheSqlLimit</code></h5><p>After configuring <code>cachePrepStmts</code>, also pay attention to the <code>prepStmtCacheSqlLimit</code> configuration (the default value is <code>256</code>). This configuration controls the maximum length of the Prepared Statements cached on the client.</p><p>The Prepared Statements that exceed this maximum length will not be cached, so they cannot be reused. In this case, you may consider increasing the value of this configuration depending on the actual SQL length of the application.</p><p>You need to check whether this setting is too small if you:</p><ul><li>Go to TiDB monitoring dashboard and view the request command type through <strong>Query Summary</strong> &gt; <strong>CPS By Instance</strong>.</li><li>And find that <code>cachePrepStmts=true</code> has been configured, but <code>COM_STMT_PREPARE</code> is still mostly equal to <code>COM_STMT_EXECUTE</code> and <code>COM_STMT_CLOSE</code> exists.</li></ul><h5 id="prepstmtcachesize" style="position:relative"><a href="#prepstmtcachesize" aria-label="prepstmtcachesize permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a><code>prepStmtCacheSize</code></h5><p><code>prepStmtCacheSize</code> controls the number of cached Prepared Statements (the default value is <code>25</code>). If your application requires "preparing" many types of SQL statements and wants to reuse Prepared Statements, you can increase this value.</p><p>To verify that this setting already takes effect, you can do:</p><ul><li>Go to TiDB monitoring dashboard and view the request command type through <strong>Query Summary</strong> &gt; <strong>CPS By Instance</strong>.</li><li>If the number of <code>COM_STMT_EXECUTE</code> in the request is far more than the number of <code>COM_STMT_PREPARE</code>, it means this setting already takes effect.</li></ul><h4 id="batch-related-parameters" style="position:relative"><a href="#batch-related-parameters" aria-label="batch related parameters permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>Batch-related parameters</h4><p>While processing batch writes, it is recommended to configure <code>rewriteBatchedStatements=true</code>. After using <code>addBatch()</code> or <code>executeBatch()</code>, JDBC still sends SQL one by one by default, for example:</p><pre><code class="language-java">pstmt = prepare("insert into t (a) values(?)"); pstmt.setInt(1, 10); pstmt.addBatch(); pstmt.setInt(1, 11); pstmt.addBatch(); pstmt.setInt(1, 12); pstmt.executeBatch(); </code></pre><p>Although <code>Batch</code> methods are used, the SQL statements sent to TiDB are still individual <code>INSERT</code> statements:</p><pre><code class="language-sql">insert into t(a) values(10); insert into t(a) values(11); insert into t(a) values(12); </code></pre><p>But if you set <code>rewriteBatchedStatements=true</code>, the SQL statements sent to TiDB will be a single <code>INSERT</code> statement:</p><pre><code class="language-sql">insert into t(a) values(10),(11),(12); </code></pre><p>Note that the rewrite of the <code>INSERT</code> statements is to concatenate the values after multiple "values" keywords into a whole SQL statement. If the <code>INSERT</code> statements have other differences, they cannot be rewritten, for example:</p><pre><code class="language-sql">insert into t (a) values (10) on duplicate key update a = 10; insert into t (a) values (11) on duplicate key update a = 11; insert into t (a) values (12) on duplicate key update a = 12; </code></pre><p>The above <code>INSERT</code> statements cannot be rewritten into one statement. But if you change the three statements into the following ones:</p><pre><code class="language-sql">insert into t (a) values (10) on duplicate key update a = values(a); insert into t (a) values (11) on duplicate key update a = values(a); insert into t (a) values (12) on duplicate key update a = values(a); </code></pre><p>Then they meet the rewrite requirement. The above <code>INSERT</code> statements will be rewritten into the following one statement:</p><pre><code class="language-sql">insert into t (a) values (10), (11), (12) on duplicate key update a = values(a); </code></pre><p>If there are three or more updates during the batch update, the SQL statements will be rewritten and sent as multiple queries. This effectively reduces the client-to-server request overhead, but the side effect is that a larger SQL statement is generated. For example:</p><pre><code class="language-sql">update t set a = 10 where id = 1; update t set a = 11 where id = 2; update t set a = 12 where id = 3; </code></pre><p>In addition, because of a <a href="https://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=96623" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">client bug</a>, if you want to configure <code>rewriteBatchedStatements=true</code> and <code>useServerPrepStmts=true</code> during batch update, it is recommended that you also configure the <code>allowMultiQueries=true</code> parameter to avoid this bug.</p><h4 id="integrate-parameters" style="position:relative"><a href="#integrate-parameters" aria-label="integrate parameters permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>Integrate parameters</h4><p>Through monitoring, you might notice that although the application only performs <code>INSERT</code> operations to the TiDB cluster, there are a lot of redundant <code>SELECT</code> statements. Usually this happens because JDBC sends some SQL statements to query the settings, for example, <code>select @@session.transaction_read_only</code>. These SQL statements are useless for TiDB, so it is recommended that you configure <code>useConfigs=maxPerformance</code> to avoid extra overhead.</p><p><code>useConfigs=maxPerformance</code> includes a group of configurations. To get the detailed configurations in MySQL Connector/J 8.0 and those in MySQL Connector/J 5.1, see <a href="https://github.com/mysql/mysql-connector-j/blob/release/8.0/src/main/resources/com/mysql/cj/configurations/maxPerformance.properties" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">mysql-connector-j 8.0</a> and <a href="https://github.com/mysql/mysql-connector-j/blob/release/5.1/src/com/mysql/jdbc/configs/maxPerformance.properties" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">mysql-connector-j 5.1</a> respectively.</p><p>After it is configured, you can check the monitoring to see a decreased number of <code>SELECT</code> statements.</p><h4 id="timeout-related-parameters" style="position:relative"><a href="#timeout-related-parameters" aria-label="timeout related parameters permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>Timeout-related parameters</h4><p>TiDB provides two MySQL-compatible parameters that controls the timeout: <code>wait_timeout</code> and <code>max_execution_time</code>. These two parameters respectively control the connection idle timeout with the Java application and the timeout of the SQL execution in the connection; that is to say, these parameters control the longest idle time and the longest busy time for the connection between TiDB and the Java application. The default value of both parameters is <code>0</code>, which by default allows the connection to be infinitely idle and infinitely busy (an infinite duration for one SQL statement to execute).</p><p>However, in an actual production environment, idle connections and SQL statements with excessively long execution time negatively affect databases and applications. To avoid idle connections and SQL statements that are executed for too long, you can configure these two parameters in your application's connection string. For example, set <code>sessionVariables=wait_timeout=3600</code> (1 hour) and <code>sessionVariables=max_execution_time=300000</code> (5 minutes).</p><h2 id="connection-pool" style="position:relative"><a href="#connection-pool" aria-label="connection pool permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>Connection pool</h2><p>Building TiDB (MySQL) connections is relatively expensive (for OLTP scenarios at least), because in addition to building a TCP connection, connection authentication is also required. Therefore, the client usually saves the TiDB (MySQL) connections to the connection pool for reuse.</p><p>Java has many connection pool implementations such as <a href="https://github.com/brettwooldridge/HikariCP" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">HikariCP</a>, <a href="https://tomcat.apache.org/tomcat-10.1-doc/jdbc-pool.html" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">tomcat-jdbc</a>, <a href="https://github.com/alibaba/druid" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">druid</a>, <a href="https://www.mchange.com/projects/c3p0/" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">c3p0</a>, and <a href="https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-dbcp/" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">dbcp</a>. TiDB does not limit which connection pool you use, so you can choose whichever you like for your application.</p><h3 id="configure-the-number-of-connections" style="position:relative"><a href="#configure-the-number-of-connections" aria-label="configure the number of connections permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>Configure the number of connections</h3><p>It is a common practice that the connection pool size is well adjusted according to the application's own needs. Take HikariCP as an example:</p><ul><li><code>maximumPoolSize</code>: The maximum number of connections in the connection pool. If this value is too large, TiDB consumes resources to maintain useless connections. If this value is too small, the application gets slow connections. So configure this value for your own good. For details, see <a href="https://github.com/brettwooldridge/HikariCP/wiki/About-Pool-Sizing" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">About Pool Sizing</a>.</li><li><code>minimumIdle</code>: The minimum number of idle connections in the connection pool. It is mainly used to reserve some connections to respond to sudden requests when the application is idle. You can also configure it according to your application needs.</li></ul><p>The application needs to return the connection after finishing using it. It is also recommended that the application use the corresponding connection pool monitoring (such as <code>metricRegistry</code>) to locate the connection pool issue in time.</p><h3 id="probe-configuration" style="position:relative"><a href="#probe-configuration" aria-label="probe configuration permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>Probe configuration</h3><p>The connection pool maintains persistent connections to TiDB. TiDB does not proactively close client connections by default (unless an error is reported), but generally there will be network proxies such as LVS or HAProxy between the client and TiDB. Usually, these proxies will proactively clean up connections that are idle for a certain period of time (controlled by the proxy's idle configuration). In addition to paying attention to the idle configuration of the proxies, the connection pool also needs to keep alive or probe connections.</p><p>If you often see the following error in your Java application:</p><pre><code>The last packet sent successfully to the server was 3600000 milliseconds ago. The driver has not received any packets from the server. com.mysql.jdbc.exceptions.jdbc4.CommunicationsException: Communications link failure </code></pre><p>If <code>n</code> in <code>n milliseconds ago</code> is <code>0</code> or a very small value, it is usually because the executed SQL operation causes TiDB to exit abnormally. To find the cause, it is recommended to check the TiDB stderr log.</p><p>If <code>n</code> is a very large value (such as <code>3600000</code> in the above example), it is likely that this connection was idle for a long time and then closed by the intermediate proxy. The usual solution is to increase the value of the proxy's idle configuration and allow the connection pool to:</p><ul><li>Check whether the connection is available before using the connection every time</li><li>Regularly check whether the connection is available using a separate thread.</li><li>Send a test query regularly to keep alive connections</li></ul><p>Different connection pool implementations might support one or more of the above methods. You can check your connection pool documentation to find the corresponding configuration.</p><h2 id="data-access-framework" style="position:relative"><a href="#data-access-framework" aria-label="data access framework permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>Data access framework</h2><p>Applications often use some kind of data access framework to simplify database access.</p><h3 id="mybatis" style="position:relative"><a href="#mybatis" aria-label="mybatis permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>MyBatis</h3><p><a href="http://www.mybatis.org/mybatis-3/" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">MyBatis</a> is a popular Java data access framework. It is mainly used to manage SQL queries and complete the mapping between result sets and Java objects. MyBatis is highly compatible with TiDB. MyBatis rarely has problems based on its historical issues.</p><p>Here this document mainly focuses on the following configurations.</p><h4 id="mapper-parameters" style="position:relative"><a href="#mapper-parameters" aria-label="mapper parameters permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>Mapper parameters</h4><p>MyBatis Mapper supports two parameters:</p><ul><li><code>select 1 from t where id = #{param1}</code> will be converted to <code>select 1 from t where id =?</code> as a Prepared Statement and be "prepared", and the actual parameter will be used for reuse. You can get the best performance when using this parameter with the previously mentioned Prepare connection parameters.</li><li><code>select 1 from t where id = ${param2}</code> will be replaced with <code>select 1 from t where id = 1</code> as a text file and be executed. If this statement is replaced with different parameters and is executed, MyBatis will send different requests for "preparing" the statements to TiDB. This might cause TiDB to cache a large number of Prepared Statements, and executing SQL operations this way has injection security risks.</li></ul><h4 id="dynamic-sql-batch" style="position:relative"><a href="#dynamic-sql-batch" aria-label="dynamic sql batch permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>Dynamic SQL Batch</h4><p><a href="http://www.mybatis.org/mybatis-3/dynamic-sql.html#foreach" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">Dynamic SQL - foreach</a></p><p>To support the automatic rewriting of multiple <code>INSERT</code> statements into the form of <code>insert ... values(...), (...), ...</code>, in addition to configuring <code>rewriteBatchedStatements=true</code> in JDBC as mentioned before, MyBatis can also use dynamic SQL to semi-automatically generate batch inserts. Take the following mapper as an example:</p><pre><code class="language-xml">&lt;insert id="insertTestBatch" parameterType="java.util.List" fetchSize="1"&gt; insert into test (id, v1, v2) values &lt;foreach item="item" index="index" collection="list" separator=","&gt; #{item.id}, #{item.v1}, #{item.v2} &lt;/foreach&gt; on duplicate key update v2 = v1 + values(v1) &lt;/insert&gt; </code></pre><p>This mapper generates an <code>insert on duplicate key update</code> statement. The number of <code>(?,?,?)</code> following "values" is determined by the number of passed lists. Its final effect is similar to using <code>rewriteBatchStatements=true</code>, which also effectively reduces communication overhead between the client and TiDB.</p><p>As mentioned before, you also need to note that the Prepared Statements will not be cached after their maximum length exceeds the value of <code>prepStmtCacheSqlLimit</code>.</p><h4 id="streaming-result" style="position:relative"><a href="#streaming-result" aria-label="streaming result permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>Streaming result</h4><p><a href="#use-streamingresult-to-get-the-execution-result">A previous section</a> introduces how to stream read execution results in JDBC. In addition to the corresponding configurations of JDBC, if you want to read a super large result set in MyBatis, you also need to note that:</p><ul><li>You can set <code>fetchSize</code> for a single SQL statement in the mapper configuration (see the previous code block). Its effect is equivalent to calling <code>setFetchSize</code> in JDBC.</li><li>You can use the query interface with <code>ResultHandler</code> to avoid getting the entire result set at once.</li><li>You can use the <code>Cursor</code> class for stream reading.</li></ul><p>If you configure mappings using XML, you can stream read results by configuring <code>fetchSize="-2147483648"</code>(<code>Integer.MIN_VALUE</code>) in the mapping's <code>&lt;select&gt;</code> section.</p><pre><code class="language-xml">&lt;select id="getAll" resultMap="postResultMap" fetchSize="-2147483648"&gt;