Utilities ¶

let address = "0xd115bffabbdd893a6f7cea402e7338643ced44a6";
let icapAddress = "XE93OF8SR0OWI6F4FO88KWO4UNNGG1FEBHI";
console.log(utils.getAddress(address));
// "0xD115BFFAbbdd893A6f7ceA402e7338643Ced44a6"
console.log(utils.getAddress(icapAddress));
// "0xD115BFFAbbdd893A6f7ceA402e7338643Ced44a6"
console.log(utils.getAddress(address, true));
// "XE93OF8SR0OWI6F4FO88KWO4UNNGG1FEBHI"
console.log(utils.getAddress(icapAddress, true));
// "XE93OF8SR0OWI6F4FO88KWO4UNNGG1FEBHI"
determine a contract address¶
// Ropsten: 0x5bdfd14fcc917abc2f02a30721d152a6f147f09e8cbaad4e0d5405d646c5c3e1
let transaction = {
    from: '0xc6af6e1a78a6752c7f8cd63877eb789a2adb776c',
    nonce: 0
console.log(utils.getContractAddress(transaction));
// "0x0CcCC7507aEDf9FEaF8C8D731421746e16b4d39D"
Arrayish¶
An arrayish object is used to describe binary data and has the following conditions met:
has a length property
has a value for each index from 0 up to (but excluding) length
has a valid byte for each value; a byte is an integer in the range [0, 255]
is not a string
Examples: Buffer, [ 1, 2, 3 ], Uint8Array
utils . isArrayish ( object )   =>   boolean
Returns true if object can be treated as an arrayish object.
utils . arrayify ( hexStringOrBigNumberOrArrayish )   =>   Uint8Array
Returns a Uint8Array of a hex string, BigNumber or of an Arrayish object.
utils . concat ( arrayOfHexStringsAndArrayish )   =>   Uint8Array
Return a Uint8Array of all arrayOfHexStringsAndArrayish concatenated.
utils . padZeros ( typedUint8Array, length )   =>   Uint8Array
Return a Uint8Array of typedUint8Array with zeros prepended to length bytes.
utils . stripZeros ( hexStringOrArrayish )   =>   Uint8Array
Returns a Uint8Array with all leading zero bytes striped.
Big Numbers¶
A BigNumber is an immutable object which allow accurate math operations
on values larger than JavaScript can accurately handle
can safely handle. Also see: Constants
prototype . add ( otherValue )   =>   BigNumber
Return a new BigNumber of this plus otherValue.
prototype . sub ( otherValue )   =>   BigNumber
Return a new BigNumber of this minus otherValue.
prototype . mul ( otherValue )   =>   BigNumber
Return a new BigNumber of this times otherValue.
prototype . div ( otherValue )   =>   BigNumber
Return a new BigNumber of this divided by otherValue.
prototype . mod ( otherValue )   =>   BigNumber
Return a new BigNumber of this modulo otherValue.
prototype . maskn ( bits )   =>   BigNumber
Return a new BigNumber with the number of bits masked.
prototype . eq ( otherValue )   =>   boolean
Return true if this is equal to otherValue.
prototype . lt ( otherValue )   =>   boolean
Return true if this is less than otherValue.
prototype . lte ( otherValue )   =>   boolean
Return true if this is less or equal to otherValue.
prototype . gt ( otherValue )   =>   boolean
Return true if this is greater than otherValue.
prototype . gte ( otherValue )   =>   boolean
Return true if this is greater than or equal to otherValue.
prototype . isZero ( )   =>   boolean
Return true if this is equal to zero.
prototype . toNumber ( )   =>   number
Return a JavaScript number of the value.
An error is thrown if the value is outside the safe range for JavaScript
IEEE 754 64-bit floating point numbers (over 53 bits of mantissa).
prototype . toString ()   =>   string
Return a decimal string representation.
prototype . toHexString ( )   =>   hex
Return a hexstring representation of the value.
Creating Instances¶
utils . bigNumberify ( value )   =>   BigNumber
Returns a BigNumber instance of value. The value may be anything that can
reliably be converted into a BigNumber:
examples¶
let gasPriceWei = utils.bigNumberify("20902747399");
let gasLimit = utils.bigNumberify(3000000);
let maxCostWei = gasPriceWei.mul(gasLimit)
console.log("Max Cost: " + maxCostWei.toString());
// "Max Cost: 62708242197000000"
console.log("Number: " + maxCostWei.toNumber());
// throws an Error, the value is too large for JavaScript to handle safely
Bytes32 Strings¶
Often for short strings, it is far more efficient to store them as
a fixed, null-terminated bytes32, instead of a dynamic length-prefixed
bytes.
utils . formatBytes32String ( text )   =>   hex
Returns a hex string representation of text, exactly
32 bytes wide. Strings must be 31 bytes or shorter, or an exception
is thrown.
NOTE: Keep in mind that UTF-8 characters outside the ASCII range can
be multiple bytes long.
utils . parseBytes32String ( hexStringOrArrayish )   =>   string
Returns hexStringOrArrayish as the original string, as generated by formatBytes32String.
example¶
let text = "Hello World!"
let bytes32 = ethers.utils.formatBytes32String(text)
// "0x48656c6c6f20576f726c64210000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
let originalText = ethers.utils.parseBytes32String(bytes32)
// "Hello World!"
ethers . constants . AddressZero
The address 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000.
ethers . constants . HashZero
The bytes32 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000.
ethers . constants . MaxUint256
The bytes32 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff.
ethers . constants . NegativeOne
The BigNumber bigNumberify(-1).
ethers . constants . Zero
The BigNumber bigNumberify(0).
ethers . constants . One
The BigNumber bigNumberify(1).
ethers . constants . Two
The BigNumber bigNumberify(2).
ethers . constants . WeiPerEther
The BigNumber bigNumberify("1000000000000000000").
ethers . constants . EtherSymbol
The Greek character Xi, used as the symbol for ether.
utils . computeAddress ( publicOrPrivateKey )   =>   Address
Computes the Ethereum address given a public key or private key.
utils . computePublicKey ( publicOrPrivateKey [ , compressed = false ] )   =>   hex
Compute the public key for publicOrPrivateKey, optionally compressed. If
publicOrPrivateKey is a public key, it may be either compressed or uncompressed.
utils . recoverAddress ( digest , signature )   =>   Address
Returns the Ethereum address by using ecrecover with the digest for the
signature.
utils . recoverPublicKey ( digest , signature )   =>   hex
Returns the public key by using ecrecover with the digest for the signature.
utils . verifyMessage ( messageStringOrArrayish , signature )   =>   Addresss
Returns the address of the account that signed messageStringOrArrayish to
generate signature.
verify a message signature¶
let signature = "0xddd0a7290af9526056b4e35a077b9a11b513aa0028ec6c9880948544508f3c63" +
                  "265e99e47ad31bb2cab9646c504576b3abc6939a1710afc08cbf3034d73214b8" +
                  "1c";
let signingAddress = Wallet.verifyMessage('hello world', signature);
console.log(signingAddress);
// "0x14791697260E4c9A71f18484C9f997B308e59325"
utils . keccak256 ( hexStringOrArrayish )   =>   hex
Compute the keccak256 cryptographic hash of a value, returned as a hex string. (Note:
often Ethereum documentation refers to this, incorrectly, as SHA3)
utils . sha256 ( hexStringOrArrayish )   =>   hex
Compute the SHA2-256 cryptographic hash of a value, returned as a hex string.
hashing binary data




    
¶
console.log(utils.keccak256([ 0x42 ]));
// '0x1f675bff07515f5df96737194ea945c36c41e7b4fcef307b7cd4d0e602a69111'
console.log(utils.keccak256("0x42"));
// '0x1f675bff07515f5df96737194ea945c36c41e7b4fcef307b7cd4d0e602a69111'
console.log(utils.sha256([ 0x42 ]));
// '0xdf7e70e5021544f4834bbee64a9e3789febc4be81470df629cad6ddb03320a5c'
console.log(utils.sha256("0x42"));
// '0xdf7e70e5021544f4834bbee64a9e3789febc4be81470df629cad6ddb03320a5c'
utils . hashMessage ( stringOrArrayish )   =>   hex
Compute the prefixed message hash of a stringOrArrayish, by converting the
message to bytes (as necessary) and prefixing with \x19Ethereum Signed Message\n
and the length of the message. See the eth_sign JSON-RPC method for more information.
utils . id ( utf8String )   =>   hex
Compute the keccak256 cryptographic hash of a UTF-8 string, returned as a hex string.
hashing utf-8 strings¶
// Convert the string to binary data
let message = "Hello World";
let messageBytes = utils.toUtf8Bytes(message);
utils.keccak256(messageBytes);
// '0x592fa743889fc7f92ac2a37bb1f5ba1daf2a5c84741ca0e0061d243a2e6707ba'
// Which is equivalent to using the id function
utils.id("Hello World");
// '0x592fa743889fc7f92ac2a37bb1f5ba1daf2a5c84741ca0e0061d243a2e6707ba'
// Compute the sighash for a Solidity method
console.log(utils.id("addr(bytes32)"));
// '0x3b3b57de213591bb50e06975ea011e4c8c4b3e6de4009450c1a9e55f66e4bfa4'
utils . pbkdf2 ( password , salt , iterations , keylen , hashAlgorithm )
Return the pbkdf2 derived key from password and salt with iterations of
length using the hashAlgorithm. The supported hash algorithms are sha256
and sha512.
Random¶
utils . randomBytes ( length )   =>   Uint8Array
Return a Uint8Array of cryptographically secure random bytes
generate random bytes¶
let randomBytes3 = utils.randomBytes(3)
// Uint8Array [ 194, 22, 140 ]
let randomBytes32 = utils.randomBytes(32)
// Uint8Array [ 162, 131, 117, 110, 196, 73, 144, 177, 201, 75, 88,
//              105, 227, 210, 104, 226, 82, 65, 103, 157, 36, 170,
//              214, 92, 190, 141, 239, 54, 96, 39, 240, 95 ]
generate a random number¶
let randomNumber = utils.bigNumberify(utils.randomBytes(32));
// BigNumber { _hex: 0x617542634156966e0bbb6c673bf88015f542c96eb115186fd93881518f05f7ff }
Solidity¶
Solidity uses a non-standard packed mode to encode parameters that are passed
into its hashing functions. The parameter types and values can be used to compute
the result of the hash functions as would be performed by Solidity.
utils . solidityKeccak256 ( types, values )   =>   hex
Compute the keccak256 cryptographic hash using the Solidity non-standard (tightly)
packed data for values given the types.
utils . soliditySha256 ( types, values )   =>   hex
Compute the SHA256 cryptographic hash using the Solidity non-standard (tightly)
packed data for values given the types.
utils . solidityPack ( types, values )   =>   hex
Compute the Solidity non-standard (tightly) packed data for values given the types.
examples¶
let result = utils.solidityKeccak256([ 'int8', 'bytes1', 'string' ], [ -1, '0x42', 'hello' ]);
console.log(result);
// '0x52d7e6a62ca667228365be2143375d0a2a92a3bd4325dd571609dfdc7026686e'
result = utils.soliditySha256([ 'int8', 'bytes1', 'string' ], [ -1, '0x42', 'hello' ]);
console.log(result);
// '0x1eaebba7999af2691d823bf0c817e635bbe7e89ec7ed32a11e00ca94e86cbf37'
result = utils.solidityPack([ 'int8', 'bytes1', 'string' ], [ -1, '0x42', 'hello' ]);
console.log(result);
// '0xff4268656c6c6f'
utils . parseEther ( etherString )   =>   BigNumber
Parse the etherString representation of ether into a BigNumber instance
of the amount of wei.
utils . formatEther ( wei )   =>   string
Format an amount of wei into a decimal string representing the amount of ether.
The output will always include at least one whole number and at least one decimal
place, otherwise leading and trailing 0’s will be trimmed.
utils . parseUnits ( valueString , decimalsOrUnitName )   =>   BigNumber
Parse the valueString representation of units into a BigNumber instance
of the amount of wei. The decimalsOrUnitsName may be a number of decimals between
3 and 18 (multiple of 3) or a name, such as gwei.
utils . formatUnits ( wei , decimalsOrUnitName )   =>   string
Format an amount of wei into a decimal string representing the amount of units.
The output will always include at least one whole number and at least one decimal place,
otherwise leading and trailing 0’s will be trimmed. The decimalsOrUnitsName
may be a number of decimals between 3 and 18 (multiple of 3) or a name, such as gwei.
utils . commify ( numberOrString )   =>   string
Returns numberOrString with commas placed at every third position within the whole
component. If numberOrString contains a decimal point, the output will as well with
at least one digit for both the whole and decimal components. If there no decimal,
then the output will also not contain a decimal.
examples¶
let wei = utils.parseEther('1000.0');
console.log(wei.toString(10));
// "1000000000000000000000"
console.log(utils.formatEther(0));
// "0.0"
let wei = utils.bigNumberify("1000000000000000000000");
console.log(utils.formatEther(wei));
// "1000.0"
console.log(utils.formatEther(wei, {commify: true}));
// "1,000.0"
console.log(utils.formatEther(wei, {pad: true}));
// "1000.000000000000000000"       (18 decimal places)
console.log(utils.formatEther(wei, {commify: true, pad: true}));
// "1,000.000000000000000000"      (18 decimal places)
Hex Strings¶
A hex string is always prefixed with “0x” and consists of the characters
0 – 9 and a – f. It is always returned lower case with even-length, but any hex
string passed into a function may be any case and may be odd-length.
utils . hexlify ( numberOrBigNumberOrHexStringOrArrayish )   =>   hex
Converts any number, BigNumber, hex string or
Arrayish to a hex string. (otherwise, throws an error)
utils . isHexString ( value )   =>   boolean
Returns true if value is a valid hexstring.
utils . hexDataLength ( hexString )   =>   number
Returns the length (in bytes) of hexString if it is a valid data hexstring (even length).
utils . hexDataSlice ( hexString , offset [ , endOffset ] )   =>   hex
Returns a string for the subdata of hexString from offset bytes
(each byte is two nibbled) to endOffset bytes. If no endOffset is
specified, the result is to the end of the hexString is used. Each byte is two nibbles.
utils . hexStripZeros ( hexString )   =>   hex
Returns hexString with all leading zeros removed, but retaining at least
one nibble, even if zero (e.g. 0x0). This may return an odd-length string.
utils . hexZeroPad ( hexString , length )   =>   hex
Returns hexString padded (on the left) with zeros to length bytes (each
byte is two nibbles).
utils . namehash ( ensName )   =>   hex
Compute the namehash of ensName. Currently only supports the
characters [a-z0-9.-]. The concerns with fully supporting UTF-8
are largely security releated, but are open for discussion.
examples¶
let namehash = utils.namehash('ricmoo.firefly.eth');
// "0x0bcad17ecf260d6506c6b97768bdc2acfb6694445d27ffd3f9c1cfbee4a9bd6d"
Signatures¶
There are two common formats for signatures in Ethereum. The flat-format, which
is a hexstring with 65 bytes (130 nibbles); or an expanded-format, which is an object with
the properties:
r and s — the (r, s) public point of a signature
recoveryParam — the recovery parameter of a signautre (either 0 or 1)
v — the recovery param nomalized for Solidity (either 27 or 28)
utils . splitSignature ( hexStringOrArrayishOrSignature )   =>   Signature
Returns an expanded-format signature object for hexStringOrArrayishOrSignature.
Passing in an signature that is already in the expanded-format will ensure
both recoveryParam and v are populated.
utils . joinSignature ( signature )   =>   hex
Returns the flat-format signature hexstring of signature. The final v
byte will always be normalized to 0x1b of 0x1c.
To Expanded-Format¶
// Flat-format; this is the format provided by JSON-RPC responses
let flat = "0x0ba9770fd8778383f6d56faadc71e17b75f0d6e3ff0a408d5e6c4cee3bd70a16" +
             "3574da0ebfb1eaac261698b057b342e52ea53f85287272cea471a4cda41e3466" +
let expanded = utils.splitSignature(flat);
console.log(expanded);
//    r: "0x0ba9770fd8778383f6d56faadc71e17b75f0d6e3ff0a408d5e6c4cee3bd70a16",
//    s: "0x3574da0ebfb1eaac261698b057b342e52ea53f85287272cea471a4cda41e3466",
//    recoveryParam: 0,
//    v: 27
To Flat-Format¶
// Expanded-format; this is the format Solidity and other tools often require
let expanded = {
    r: "0x0ba9770fd8778383f6d56faadc71e17b75f0d6e3ff0a408d5e6c4cee3bd70a16",
    s: "0x3574da0ebfb1eaac261698b057b342e52ea53f85287272cea471a4cda41e3466",
    recoveryParam: 0,
    v: 27
let flat = utils.joinSignature(expanded);
console.log(flat)
// "0x0ba9770fd8778383f6d56faadc71e17b75f0d6e3ff0a408d5e6c4cee3bd70a16" +
//   "3574da0ebfb1eaac261698b057b342e52ea53f85287272cea471a4cda41e3466" +
//   "1b"
utils . serializeTransaction ( transaction [ , signature ] )   =>   hex
Serialize transaction as a hex-string, optionally including
the signature.
If signature is provided, it may be either the Flat Format
or the Expanded Format, and the serialized transaction will
be a signed transaction.
utils . parseTransaction ( rawTransaction )   =>   Transaction
Parse the serialized transaction, returning an object with the properties:
nonce
gasPrice
gasLimit
value
chainId
If the transactions is signed, addition properties will be present:
r, s and v — the signature public point and recoveryParam (adjusted for the chainId)
from — the address of the account that signed the transaction
hash — the transaction hash
utils . toUtf8String ( hexStringOrArrayish , [ ignoreErrors = false )   =>   string
Converts a hex-encoded string or array to its UTF-8 representation.
To UTF-8 Bytes¶
let text = "Hello World";
let bytes = utils.toUtf8Bytes(text);
console.log(bytes);
// Uint8Array [72, 101, 108, 108, 111, 32, 87, 111, 114, 108, 100]
To UTF-8 String¶
let array = [72, 101, 108, 108, 111, 32, 87, 111, 114, 108, 100];
let stringFromArray = utils.toUtf8String(array)
console.log(stringFromArray);
// "Hello World"
let hexString = "0x48656c6c6f20576f726c64";
let stringFromHexString = utils.toUtf8String(hexString);
console.log(stringFromHexString);
// "Hello World"
utils . fetchJson ( urlOrInfo [ , processFunc ] )   =>   Promise<any>
Returns a Promise of the contents of urlOrInfo, processed by
processFunc.
The urlOrInfo may also be specified as an object with the properties:
url — the JSON-RPC URL (required)
user — a username to use for Basic Authentication (optional)
password — a password to use for Basic Authentication (optional)
allowInsecure — allow Basic Authentication over an insecure HTTP network (default: false)
timeout — number of milliseconds to abort the request (default: 2 minutes)
headers — additional headers to send to the server (case insensitive)
utils . poll ( func , [ options ] )   =>   Promise<any>
Poll using the function func, resolving when it does not return undefined. By
default this method will use the exponential back-off algorithm.
The options is an object with the properties:
timeout — after this many millisecconds, the promise will reject with a timeout error (default: no timeout)
floor — minimum amount of time between polling (default: 0)
ceiling — minimum amount of time between polling (default: 10s)
interval — the interval to use for exponential backoff (default: 250ms)
onceBlock — a function which takes 2 parameters, the string block and a callback func; polling will occur everytime func is called; any provider can be passed in for this property