Results

A total of 7272 patients were scheduled for elective surgical procedures during 12-month study period. The total number of surgical operations performed was 5986.The OT was functional for 231 days during the study period, resulting in 25.9 cases per day. The total number of patients cancelled on the day of surgery was 1286 (17.6 %), resulting an average of 5.5 cancellations per day. 809 patients out of 1286 (63%) was cancelled due to lack of availability of OT time; patients not turning up resulted in 244 (19%) cancellations. 149 procedures (11.6%) were cancelled because of medical reasons. In 16 patients (1.2%) surgery was cancelled by surgeon due to a change in the surgical plan. Patient not being ready resulted in cancellation of surgery in 28 (2.1%) patients. In 40 patients (3.1%) surgery was cancelled due to equipment failure [ Table 1 ].

Table 1

Reasons for cancellation of surgery

Open in a separate window

Table 2 shows the specialty-wise distribution of cases. General surgery had highest number of cases scheduled for operation, 2196 (30.1%) followed by orthopedic 1812 (25%), urology 1548 (21.3%), and ear-nose-throat (ENT) 972 (13.4%). Gynecology had least number of patients scheduled for operation 744 (10.2%).

Table 2

Specialty-wise distribution of cases (scheduled and cancelled)

Open in a separate window

Out of the procedures were cancelled, general surgery had the highest number of patients 516 (7%) followed by orthopedic surgery 504 (6.9%) and urology 156 (2.1%). ENT had least contribution to total cancellation with 26 (0.35%) patients followed by gynecology 84 (1.15%). When the number of cases cancelled in each specialty was compared with the number of cases booked in the specialty, orthopedics had highest cancellation rate of 27.8% followed by general surgery 23.4% and gynecology 11.2%, while ENT had least cancellation rate of 2.6% followed by urology 10% [ Table 3 ].

Table 3

Cases cancelled as a percentage of scheduled cases

Open in a separate window

Discussion

An efficient surgical service should have a low rate of cancellation of operations. If operations are cancelled, OTs are underused; efficiency is jeopardized, waiting list increases, and cost rises.[ 1 ] It is a well-known fact that if resources are not properly utilized, the general population suffers especially the lower income groups, who depend more on public or government services for most of their healthcare needs. The cost of facility and equipment which is underutilized adds to the cost of its services, which is ultimately passed on to patients. Avoiding cancellation is an essential step to reduce these. The National Audit Office in Britain examined five district health authorities in detail and concluded that OTs were being used half their capacity in spite of huge waiting lists.[ 1 , 5 ]

Cancellations create untold financial, logistic, and psychological hardships for the patients and their relatives who plan their working and family lives around postponed date of operation. Most operations are cancelled at 24-h notice. The patients and the relatives feel disappointed, frustrated, and anxious. In UK, 8% of scheduled elective operations are cancelled nationally within 24 h of surgery.[ 1 ] In our study, 17.6% operations were cancelled.

Shortage of operating time (63%) was the most important factor of cancellation of elective operation in this study. A lot of OT time is wasted due to late starts, time between cases, preparation and cleaning OTs, and delayed transportation of patients to OT.[ 6 , 7 ] Avoidance of late starts can be achieved by cooperation from anesthesiologists’ and surgeons. A team approach, in presence of efficient theater In-charge, can improve OT management. A diversity of staff work in operation theatre and conflicts among them can lead to inefficiency. A good administrator can improve scheduling; reduce time spent preparing/cleaning and handle resources better.[ 1 ] Garg et al . found that 59.7% of cases were cancelled due to lack of availability of OT time.[ 8 ]

Unplanned admissions and lengthy OT lists prepared by junior surgeons, who were not familiar with the procedure, were also a reason for cancellation of operations. Many patients did not need surgery or required further work up before surgery. Cancellations, due to lack of OT time, were not just caused by scheduling error but mainly caused by surgeons underestimating the time needed for the operation. Surgeons generally add more patients to the OT list to reduce the waiting list and in anticipation of any unexpected cancellations.[ 1 , 8 ] An analysis in USA examining 56,000 cases retrospectively found that 31% of lists were predictably overbooked.[ 9 ]

The time interval between two surgical interventions can be longer when the patient takes long time to recover from anesthesia. Overlapping induction, i.e., induction of anesthesia with an additional team while the previous patient was still in the OT has been analyzed and reported to increase the OT productivity by decreasing the nonoperative time by 45.6%.[ 10 ] This requires additional staff and equipments thus increasing the overall cost. However, we can save OT time by inserting epidural catheters and peripheral and central intravenous access in the side room prior to shifting the patient to the OT while the previous patient was still in the OT.[ 8 ]

Pandit et al . also found that over running OT lists were the commonest cause of cancellation of cases on the day of surgery (50% lists were overbooked and 50% over ran their scheduled time).[ 11 ] However, unforeseen anesthetic or surgical problems may also delay the planned list. The time taken for a particular surgery also depends on the skill of operating surgeon. Less experienced surgeons and trainees often take more than the expected time. For some surgeries, the total duration exceeded the usual surgical time due to an unexpected surgical complication, juniors being taught and allowed to do the surgery especially for laparoscopic procedures, unavailability of sterilized instruments, and technical problems in instruments.[ 1 , 8 ] Vinukondaiah et al . documented that lack of operating time was the single most important factor for cancellation of cases. This was mainly because surgeons took longer than the estimated duration of surgery.[ 12 ]

Inadequate preoperative medical optimization, which is about 11.6% in our study, was another important reason for cancellation of cases. The major reasons were hypertension, recent onset respiratory tract infections, uncontrolled diabetes, and an acute onset cardiovascular abnormality. All the patients are evaluated day before surgery by the anesthesiologist in our hospital and patients who required preoperative medical optimization are referred to physician. But, most of the time, surgeons scheduled their patients for surgery immediately after physician reference without optimizing condition of patient. Studies have shown that preoperative anesthesia assessment in preanesthesia clinics significantly reduces operative room delays and cancellations.[ 13 ] Hussain et al . reported that 8% of cancellation of cases, on the day of surgery, was anesthesia related.[ 14 ]

Absence of separate facilities for day-case surgery was another factor in cancellation of operations because same OT was used for in- and out-patient surgery. Shortage of beds as a result of mass casualties and emergency surgeries during elective list resulted in cancellation of a number of operations.[ 1 ] Although emergency OT in our hospital works 24 h a day, permitting uninterrupted elective operations, sometimes, the senior surgeon is called to emergency OT for help thereby delaying or wasting routine OT time and leading to the postponement of an elective case.

Last-minute cancellation by a patient or failure to be present is especially difficult to resolve. It is about 19% in our study. It may be due to the patient's last minute doubts and fears. Paschoal reported that 54.3% cases of the total cancelled cases were due to absenteeism of the patient because of unawareness of the date of surgery, clinical problems like respiratory tract infections and social/economical reasons.[ 15 ] Efforts should be made to improve patient communication and facilitate their compliance with scheduled procedures.

Conclusion

This audit highlight that most causes of cancellation of operations are avoidable, efforts should be made to prevent cancellation of surgery by careful planning, bearing in mind the local constraints in human and material resources. The OT list should be made judiciously to avoid under or over utilization of OT facilities. The requirement of the instruments/drugs/other equipment necessary for scheduled surgical list should be discussed among surgeon, staff nurse, and the anesthesiologist a day prior to planned OT list.

The medical problems can be identified in time and the number of cancellations on medical grounds can be avoided by establishing a formal liaison with the physicians and by improving communication between patient, doctors, and nurses. Day-care patients should be counseled adequately to report on time. All patients meeting postanesthesia care unit discharge criteria must be discharged promptly to prevent delay in shifting out of the operated patient. Such audits should be carried out at regular intervals to find out the effective functioning of the OT.

Footnotes

References