ElasticSearch进阶：各种ES查询在Java中的实现

测试使用的数据示例

首先是，Mysql中的部分测试数据：

Mysql中的一行数据在ES中以一个文档形式存在：

"_index" : "person" , "_type" : "_doc" , "_id" : "4" , "_score" : 1.0 , "_source" : { "address" : "峨眉山" , "modifyTime" : "2021-06-29 19:46:25" , "createTime" : "2021-05-14 11:37:07" , "sect" : "峨嵋派" , "sex" : "男" , "skill" : "降龙十八掌" , "name" : "宋青书" , "id" : 4 , "power" : 50 , "age" : 21

简单梳理了一下ES JavaAPI的相关体系，感兴趣的可以自己研读一下源码。

接下来，我们用十几个实例，迅速上手ES的查询操作，每个示例将提供SQL语句、ES语句和Java代码。

1 词条查询

所谓词条查询，也就是ES 不会对查询条件 进行分词 处理，只有当词条和查询字符串 完全匹配时 ，才会被查询到。

1.1 等值查询-term

等值查询，即筛选出一个字段等于特定值的所有记录。

select * from person where name = '张无忌';

而使用ES查询语句却很不一样（注意查询字段带上keyword）：

GET /person/_search
 "query": {
  "term": {
   "name.keyword": {
    "value": "张无忌",
    "boost": 1.0
ElasticSearch 5.0以后，string类型有重大变更，移除了string类型，string字段被拆分成两种新的数据类型: text用于全文搜索的，而keyword用于关键词搜索。
查询结果：
  "took" : 0,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : { // 分片信息
    "total" : 1, // 总计分片数
    "successful" : 1, // 查询成功的分片数
    "skipped" : 0, // 跳过查询的分片数
    "failed" : 0  // 查询失败的分片数
  "hits" : { // 命中结果
    "total" : {
      "value" : 1, // 数量
      "relation" : "eq"  // 关系：等于
    "max_score" : 2.8526313,  // 最高分数
    "hits" : [
        "_index" : "person", // 索引
        "_type" : "_doc", // 类型
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 2.8526313,
        "_source" : {
          "address" : "光明顶",
          "modifyTime" : "2021-06-29 16:48:56",
          "createTime" : "2021-05-14 16:50:33",
          "sect" : "明教",
          "sex" : "男",
          "skill" : "九阳神功",
          "name" : "张无忌",
          "id" : 1,
          "power" : 99,
          "age" : 18
Java中构造ES请求的方式：（后续例子中只保留SearchSourceBuilder的构建语句）
 * term精确查询
 * @throws IOException
@Autowired
private RestHighLevelClient client;
@Test
public void queryTerm() throws IOException {
    // 根据索引创建查询请求
    SearchRequest searchRequest = new SearchRequest("person");
    SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
    // 构建查询语句
    searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.termQuery("name.keyword", "张无忌"));
    System.out.println("searchSourceBuilder=====================" + searchSourceBuilder);
    searchRequest.source(searchSourceBuilder);
    SearchResponse response = client.search(searchRequest, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);
    System.out.println(JSONObject.toJSON(response));
仔细观察查询结果，会发现ES查询结果中会带有_score这一项，ES会根据结果匹配程度进行评分。打分是会耗费性能的，如果确认自己的查询不需要评分，就设置查询语句关闭评分：
GET /person/_search
 "query": {
  "constant_score": {
   "filter": {
    "term": {
     "sect.keyword": {
      "value": "张无忌",
      "boost": 1.0
   "boost": 1.0
Java构建查询语句：
SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
// 这样构造的查询条件，将不进行score计算，从而提高查询效率
searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.constantScoreQuery(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sect.keyword", "明教")));
1.2 多值查询-terms
多条件查询类似Mysql里的IN查询，例如：
select * from persons where sect in('明教','武当派');
ES查询语句：
GET /person/_search
 "query": {
  "terms": {
   "sect.keyword": [
    "明教",
    "武当派"
   "boost": 1.0
Java实现：
SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
// 构建查询语句
searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.termsQuery("sect.keyword", Arrays.asList("明教", "武当派")));
1.3 范围查询-range
范围查询，即查询某字段在特定区间的记录。
select * from pesons where age between 18 and 22;
ES查询语句：
GET /person/_search
 "query": {
  "range": {
   "age": {
    "from": 10,
    "to": 20,
    "include_lower": true,
    "include_upper": true,
    "boost": 1.0
Java构建查询条件：
SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
// 构建查询语句
searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.rangeQuery("age").gte(10).lte(30));
1.4 前缀查询-prefix
前缀查询类似于SQL中的模糊查询。
select * from persons where sect like '武当%';
ES查询语句：
 "query": {
  "prefix": {
   "sect.keyword": {
    "value": "武当",
    "boost": 1.0
Java构建查询条件：
SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
// 构建查询语句
searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.prefixQuery("sect.keyword","武当"));
1.5 通配符查询-wildcard
通配符查询，与前缀查询类似，都属于模糊查询的范畴，但通配符显然功能更强。




    

select * from persons where name like '张%忌';
ES查询语句：
 "query": {
  "wildcard": {
   "sect.keyword": {
    "wildcard": "张*忌",
    "boost": 1.0
Java构建查询条件：
SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
// 构建查询语句
searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.wildcardQuery("sect.keyword","张*忌"));
2 复合查询
前面的例子都是单个条件查询，在实际应用中，我们很有可能会过滤多个值或字段。先看一个简单的例子：
select * from persons where sex = '女' and sect = '明教';
这样的多条件等值查询，就要借用到组合过滤器了，其查询语句是：
 "query": {
  "bool": {
   "must": [
     "term": {
      "sex": {
       "value": "女",
       "boost": 1.0
     "term": {
      "sect.keywords": {
       "value": "明教",
       "boost": 1.0
   "adjust_pure_negative": true,
   "boost": 1.0
Java构造查询语句：
SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
// 构建查询语句
searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.boolQuery()
        .must(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sex", "女"))
        .must(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sect.keyword", "明教"))
2.1 布尔查询
布尔过滤器（bool filter）属于复合过滤器（compound filter）的一种 ，可以接受多个其他过滤器作为参数，并将这些过滤器结合成各式各样的布尔（逻辑）组合。
 bool 过滤器下可以有4种子条件，可以任选其中任意一个或多个。filter是比较特殊的，这里先不说。
   "bool" : {
      "must" :     [],
      "should" :   [],
      "must_not" : [],
must：所有的语句都必须匹配，与 ‘=’ 等价。
must_not：所有的语句都不能匹配，与 ‘!=’ 或 not in 等价。
should：至少有n个语句要匹配，n由参数控制。
精度控制：
所有 must 语句必须匹配，所有 must_not 语句都必须不匹配，但有多少 should 语句应该匹配呢？默认情况下，没有 should 语句是必须匹配的，只有一个例外：那就是当没有 must 语句的时候，至少有一个 should 语句必须匹配。
我们可以通过 minimum_should_match 参数控制需要匹配的 should 语句的数量，它既可以是一个绝对的数字，又可以是个百分比：
GET /person/_search
 "query": {
  "bool": {
   "must": [
     "term": {
      "sex": {
       "value": "女",
       "boost": 1.0
   "should": [
     "term": {
      "address.keyword": {
       "value": "峨眉山",
       "boost": 1.0
     "term": {
      "sect.keyword": {
       "value": "明教",
       "boost": 1.0
   "adjust_pure_negative": true,
   "minimum_should_match": "1",
   "boost": 1.0
Java构建查询语句：
SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
// 构建查询语句
searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.boolQuery()
        .must(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sex", "女"))
        .should(QueryBuilders.termQuery("address.word", "峨眉山"))
        .should(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sect.keyword", "明教"))
        .minimumShouldMatch(1)
最后，看一个复杂些的例子，将bool的各子句联合使用：
select 
 persons
where 
 sex = '女'
 age between 30 and 40
 sect != '明教'
 (address = '峨眉山' OR skill = '暗器')
用 Elasticsearch 来表示上面的 SQL 例子：
GET /person/_search
 "query": {
  "bool": {
   "must": [
     "term": {
      "sex": {
       "value": "女",
       "boost": 1.0
     "range": {
      "age": {
       "from": 30,
       "to": 40,
       "include_lower": true,
       "include_upper": true,
       "boost": 1.0
   "must_not": [
     "term": {
      "sect.keyword": {
       "value": "明教",
       "boost": 1.0
   "should": [
     "term": {
      "address.keyword": {
       "value": "峨眉山",
       "boost": 1.0
     "term": {
      "skill.keyword": {
       "value": "暗器",
       "boost": 1.0
   "adjust_pure_negative": true,
   "minimum_should_match": "1",
   "boost": 1.0
用Java构建这个查询条件：
SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
// 构建查询语句
BoolQueryBuilder boolQueryBuilder = QueryBuilders.boolQuery()
        .must(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sex", "女"))
        .must(QueryBuilders.rangeQuery("age").gte(30).lte(40))
        .mustNot(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sect.keyword", "明教"))
        .should(QueryBuilders.termQuery("address.keyword", "峨眉山"))
        .should(QueryBuilders.rangeQuery("power.keyword").gte(50).lte(80))
        .minimumShouldMatch(1);  // 设置should至少需要满足几个条件
// 将BoolQueryBuilder构建到SearchSourceBuilder中
searchSourceBuilder.query(boolQueryBuilder);
2.2 Filter查询
query和filter的区别：query查询的时候，会先比较查询条件，然后计算分值，最后返回文档结果；而filter是先判断是否满足查询条件，如果不满足会缓存查询结果（记录该文档不满足结果），满足的话，就直接缓存结果，filter不会对结果进行评分，能够提高查询效率。
filter的使用方式比较多样，下面用几个例子演示一下。
方式一，单独使用：
 "query": {
  "bool": {
   "filter": [
     "term": {
      "sex": {
       "value": "男",
       "boost": 1.0
   "adjust_pure_negative": true,
   "boost": 1.0
单独使用时，filter与must基本一样，不同的是filter不计算评分，效率更高。




    

Java构建查询语句：
SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
// 构建查询语句
searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.boolQuery()
        .filter(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sex", "男"))
方式二，和must、must_not同级，相当于子查询：
select * from (select * from persons where sect = '明教')) a where sex = '女';
ES查询语句：
 "query": {
  "bool": {
   "must": [
     "term": {
      "sect.keyword": {
       "value": "明教",
       "boost": 1.0
   "filter": [
     "term": {
      "sex": {
       "value": "女",
       "boost": 1.0
   "adjust_pure_negative": true,
   "boost": 1.0
Java：
SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
// 构建查询语句
searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.boolQuery()
        .must(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sect.keyword", "明教"))
        .filter(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sex", "女"))
方式三，将must、must_not置于filter下，这种方式是最常用的：
 "query": {
  "bool": {
   "filter": [
     "bool": {
      "must": [
        "term": {
         "sect.keyword": {
          "value": "明教",
          "boost": 1.0
        "range": {
         "age": {
          "from": 20,
          "to": 35,
          "include_lower": true,
          "include_upper": true,
          "boost": 1.0
      "must_not": [
        "term": {
         "sex.keyword": {
          "value": "女",
          "boost": 1.0
      "adjust_pure_negative": true,
      "boost": 1.0
   "adjust_pure_negative": true,
   "boost": 1.0
Java:
SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
// 构建查询语句
searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.boolQuery()
        .filter(QueryBuilders.boolQuery()
                .must(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sect.keyword", "明教"))
                .must(QueryBuilders.rangeQuery("age").gte(20).lte(35))
                .mustNot(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sex.keyword", "女")))
3 聚合查询
接下来，我们将用一些案例演示ES聚合查询。
注意：在使用聚合查询的时候，如果查询字段为text类型，则可能出现报错："illegal_argument_exception"
可以使用如下方法修改其默认配置（fieldata默认为false）：
curl -H "Content-Type:application/json" -XPUT 'localhost:9200/article/_mapping' -d'
>   "properties": {
>     "author": {
>       "type": "text",
>       "fielddata": true
3.1 最值、平均值、求和
案例：查询最大年龄、最小年龄、平均年龄。
select max(age) from persons;
GET /person/_search
 "aggregations": {
  "max_age": {
   "max": {
    "field": "age"
Java：
@Autowired
private RestHighLevelClient client;
@Test
public void maxQueryTest() throws IOException {
 // 聚合查询条件
    AggregationBuilder aggBuilder = AggregationBuilders.max("max_age").field("age");
    SearchRequest searchRequest = new SearchRequest("person");
    SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
    // 将聚合查询条件构建到SearchSourceBuilder中
    searchSourceBuilder.aggregation(aggBuilder);
    System.out.println("searchSourceBuilder----->" + searchSourceBuilder);
    searchRequest.source(　　);
    // 执行查询，获取SearchResponse
    SearchResponse response = client.search(searchRequest, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);
    System.out.println(JSONObject.toJSON(response));
使用聚合查询，结果中默认只会返回10条文档数据（当然我们关心的是聚合的结果，而非文档）。返回多少条数据可以自主控制：
GET /person/_search
 "size": 20,
 "aggregations": {
  "max_age": {
   "max": {
    "field": "age"
而Java中只需增加下面一条语句即可：
searchSourceBuilder.size(20);
与max类似，其他统计查询也很简单：
AggregationBuilder minBuilder = AggregationBuilders.min("min_age").field("age");
AggregationBuilder avgBuilder = AggregationBuilders.avg("min_age").field("age");
AggregationBuilder sumBuilder = AggregationBuilders.sum("min_age").field("age");
AggregationBuilder countBuilder = AggregationBuilders.count("min_age").field("age");
3.2 去重查询
案例：查询一共有多少个门派。
select count(distinct sect) from persons;
 "aggregations": {
  "sect_count": {
   "cardinality": {
    "field": "sect.keyword"
Java：
@Test
public void cardinalityQueryTest() throws IOException {
 // 创建某个索引的request
    SearchRequest searchRequest = new SearchRequest("person");
    // 查询条件
    SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
    // 聚合查询
    AggregationBuilder aggBuilder = AggregationBuilders.cardinality("sect_count").field("sect.keyword");
    searchSourceBuilder.size(0);
    // 将聚合查询构建到查询条件中
    searchSourceBuilder.aggregation(aggBuilder);
    System.out.println("searchSourceBuilder----->" + searchSourceBuilder);
    searchRequest.source(searchSourceBuilder);
    // 执行查询，获取结果
    SearchResponse response = client.search(searchRequest, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);
    System.out.println(JSONObject.toJSON(response));
3.3 分组聚合
3.3.1 单条件分组
案例：查询每个门派的人数
select sect,count(id) from mytest.persons group by sect;
 "size": 0,
 "aggregations": {
  "sect_count": {
   "terms": {
    "field": "sect.keyword",
    "size": 10,
    "min_doc_count": 1,
    "shard_min_doc_count": 0,
    "show_term_doc_count_error": false,
    "order": [
      "_count": "desc"
      "_key": "asc"
Java：
SearchRequest searchRequest = new SearchRequest("person");
SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
searchSourceBuilder.size(0);
// 按sect分组
AggregationBuilder aggBuilder = AggregationBuilders.terms("sect_count").field("sect.keyword");
searchSourceBuilder.aggregation(aggBuilder);
3.3.2 多条件分组
案例：查询每个门派各有多少个男性和女性
select sect,sex,count(id) from mytest.persons group by sect,sex;
 "aggregations": {
  "sect_count": {
   "terms": {
    "field": "sect.keyword",
    "size": 10
   "aggregations": {
    "sex_count": {
     "terms": {
      "field": "sex.keyword",
      "size": 10
3.4 过滤聚合
前面所有聚合的例子请求都省略了 query ，整个请求只不过是一个聚合。这意味着我们对全部数据进行了聚合，但现实应用中，我们常常对特定范围的数据进行聚合，例如下例。
案例：查询明教中的最大年龄。这涉及到聚合与条件查询一起使用。
select max(age) from mytest.persons where sect = '明教';
GET /person/_search
 "query": {
  "term": {
   "sect.keyword": {
    "value": "明教",
    "boost": 1.0
 "aggregations": {
  "max_age": {
   "max": {
    "field": "age"
Java：
SearchRequest searchRequest = new SearchRequest("person");
SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
// 聚合查询条件
AggregationBuilder maxBuilder = AggregationBuilders.max("max_age").field("age");
// 等值查询
searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sect.keyword", "明教"));
searchSourceBuilder.aggregation(maxBuilder);
另外还有一些更复杂的查询例子。
案例：查询0-20，21-40，41-60，61以上的各有多少人。
select 
 sum(case when age<=20 then 1 else 0 end) ageGroup1,
 sum(case when age >20 and age <=40 then 1 else 0 end) ageGroup2,
 sum(case when age >40 and age <=60 then 1 else 0 end) ageGroup3,
 sum(case when age >60 and age <=200 then 1 else 0 end) ageGroup4
 mytest.persons;
 "size": 0,
 "aggregations": {
  "age_avg": {
   "range": {
    "field": "age",
    "ranges": [
      "from": 0.0,
      "to": 20.0
      "from": 21.0,
      "to": 40.0
      "from": 41.0,
      "to": 60.0
      "from": 61.0,
      "to": 200.0
    "keyed": false
查询结果：
"aggregations" : {
  "age_avg" : {
    "buckets" : [
        "key" : "0.0-20.0",
        "from" : 0.0,
        "to" : 20.0,
        "doc_count" : 3
        "key" : "21.0-40.0",
        "from" : 21.0,
        "to" : 40.0,
        "doc_count" : 13
        "key" : "41.0-60.0",
        "from" : 41.0,
        "to" : 60.0,
        "doc_count" : 4
        "key" : "61.0-200.0",
        "from" : 61.0,
        "to" : 200.0,
        "doc_count" : 1