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1
北京大学生育健康研究所/国家卫生健康委员会生育健康重点实验室,北京 100191, Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
2
北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100191, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
1
北京大学生育健康研究所/国家卫生健康委员会生育健康重点实验室,北京 100191, Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
2
北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100191, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
1
北京大学生育健康研究所/国家卫生健康委员会生育健康重点实验室,北京 100191, Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
2
北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100191, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
4
北京大学女性生育力促进全国重点实验室,北京 100191, State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
1
北京大学生育健康研究所/国家卫生健康委员会生育健康重点实验室,北京 100191, Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
2
北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100191, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
4
北京大学女性生育力促进全国重点实验室,北京 100191, State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
1
北京大学生育健康研究所/国家卫生健康委员会生育健康重点实验室,北京 100191, Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
2
北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100191, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
4
北京大学女性生育力促进全国重点实验室,北京 100191, State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
1
北京大学生育健康研究所/国家卫生健康委员会生育健康重点实验室,北京 100191, Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
2
北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100191, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
3
阜阳市妇女儿童医院眼科,安徽阜阳 236001, Department of Ophthalmology, Fuyang Women and Children's Hospital, Fuyang 236001, Anhui, China
4
北京大学女性生育力促进全国重点实验室,北京 100191, State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
*
本研究为横断面研究,对象为2019年(基线时期)、2020年(视屏时间增加期)、2024年(视屏时间恢复期)视力筛查的全部小学生,年级、性别、视力与屈光检查数据均来自筛查数据库。应用FKR-710电脑验光仪在未散瞳状态下进行屈光检查,获得球镜度数和柱镜度数;应用K238-AZ液晶视力表检测裸眼远视力。等效球镜度数=球镜度数+1/2×柱镜度数;近视定义为任意一眼裸眼远视力<5.0且该眼等效球镜度数≤-0.50 D。采用百分比、均数及95%置信区间(confidence interval,
CI
)描述近视患病率和等效球镜度数,采用卡方检验和单因素方差分析比较不同年份近视患病率和等效球镜度数差异,再按年级分层分析。
结果
共筛查小学生183 204名,2019年45 294名、2020年52 922名和2024年84 988名。2019年近视患病率为30.8%(95%
CI
: 30.4%, 31.2%),男生28.4%(27.8%, 29.0%)、女生33.7%(33.1%, 34.3%)(
P
<0.001);一年级11.0%(10.4%, 11.6%),二至六年级35.7%(35.2%, 36.2%),呈随年级而升高的趋势(
P
<0.001)。2020年近视患病率为35.1%,较2019年上升4.3 (3.7, 4.9)个百分点(
P
<0.001);2024年为41.8%,较2020年继续惯性上升6.7 (6.2, 7.2)个百分点(
P
<0.001)。分年级看,与2019年相比,2020年一年级升幅最大;与2020年相比,2024年一年级惯性升幅最小。此外,对等效球镜度数的定量分析显示,2020年等效球镜度数(-0.72 D)较2019年下降0.21 D (0.19 D, 0.23 D)(
P
<0.001),2024年等效球镜度数(-0.68 D)较2020年回升0.04 D (0.02 D, 0.06 D)(
P
<0.001);按年级分层显示一年级学生2024年(0.08 D)已接近2019年水平(0.09 D)。
To describe the myopia prevalence and spherical equivalent among primary school students in a district of Anhui Province in 2019, to analyze their changes in 2020 and 2024, to obtain baseline data, and to explore the potential impact of changes in screen time on vision, providing scientific evidence for myopia prevention and control strategies.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included all the primary school students who underwent vision screening in 2019 (baseline period), 2020 (period of increased screen time), and 2024 (period of slightly resumed screen time). Data on grade, gender, uncorrected distance visual acuity, and refraction were extracted from the screening database. Noncycloplegic refraction was assessed using an FKR-710 autorefractor to measure sphere and cylinder, and uncorrected distance visual acuity was assessed using an K238-AZ LCD visual acuity chart. The spherical equivalent was calculated as sphere + 0.5 × cylinder. Myopia was defined as uncorrected distance visual acuity < 5.0 in either eye with a corresponding spherical equivalent ≤ -0.50 D. Myopia prevalence and spherical equivalent were described using percentage and mean with 95%confidence interval (
CI
). The Chi-square test and One-way analysis of variance were used to compare myopia prevalence and spherical equivalent across different years, followed by stratified analysis by grade.
Results
A total of 183 204 students were screened: 45 294 in 2019, 52 922 in 2020, and 84 988 in 2024. In 2019, the myopia prevalence was 30.8%(95%
CI
: 30.4%, 31.2%), higher in girls (33.7%) than in boys (28.4%) and increased with grade (
P
< 0.001), rising from 11.0%in Grade 1 to 35.7%in Grades 2-6. Compared with 2019, the myopia prevalence in 2020 increased by 4.3 (3.7, 4.9) percentage points to 35.1%(
P
< 0.001). By 2024, it further increased by 6.7 (6.2, 7.2) percentage points from the 2020 level to 41.8%(
P
< 0.001). In grade-stratified analyses, compared with 2019, Grade 1 students showed the largest increase in 2020; compared with 2020, Grade 1 students showed the smallest subsequent increase in 2024. Quantitative analysis of spherical equivalent showed that the mean spherical equivalent in 2020 was -0.72 D, representing a myopia shift of -0.21 D (-0.23 D, -0.19 D) compared with the 2019 level (
P
< 0.001); by 2024, the mean spherical equivalent was -0.68 D, indicating a hyperopic shift of 0.04 D (0.02 D, 0.06 D) compared with the 2020 level (
P
< 0.001). Further grade-stratified analyses indicated that the mean spherical equivalent for Grade 1 students in 2024 (0.08 D) had nearly returned to the 2019 level (0.09 D).
Conclusion
The myopia prevalence among primary school students in the study area was 30.8%in 2019, higher than the global level and approximately twice that of the United States and four times that of Germany, indicating that myopia prevention and control among primary school students remains challenging. The myopia prevalence in 2020 and 2024 was higher than in 2019, suggesting that lifestyle changes, such as increased screen time, affect the short-term visual status. Younger students experienced the greatest increase in myopia prevalence in 2020 and the mildest subsequent increased in 2024, and their spherical equivalent in 2024 had almost recovered to the 2019 level, but not for older students. These findings indicate greater ocular plasticity in younger students, i.e. more sensitive to negative exposures and easier to recover after removing such exposures, warranting further investigation on the underlying mechanisms. Additionally, patterns of higher myopia prevalence in girls than in boys and a gradual increase with grade support previous studies, also enhancing the reliability of the relevant results in our study.
Keywords:
Vision screening, Myopia, Spherical equivalent, School, Students
本研究为多次横断面研究。研究对象为参加2019、2020和2024年秋季安徽省阜阳市颍州区视力筛查的在校小学生。视力筛查时间依次为2019年11月至2020年1月、2020年12月至2021年1月和2024年10月至2024年12月,筛查范围覆盖辖区所有在校小学生。年级、性别、视力与屈光检查数据均来自阜阳市儿童青少年视力筛查数据库。应用FKR-710电脑验光仪(中国浙江宁波法里奥光学科技发展有限公司)在未散瞳状态下进行屈光检查,获得球镜度数和柱镜度数;应用K238-AZ液晶视力表(中国广东广州益视优科技有限公司)获得裸眼远视力。2019年定义为基线期,该期学生视屏时间每周10 h
[
6
]
;2020年定义为视屏时间增加期,该期普遍施行线上教学,学生视屏时间每周39 h
[
6
]
;2024年定义为视屏时间恢复期,该期恢复线下教学,学生视屏时间较2020年有所下降,但尚未恢复至2019年基线水平
[
8
-
9
]
。本研究开始前获得安徽省阜阳市妇女儿童医院伦理委员会审查批准(批准号:01-03-001)。
主要观察指标为近视患病率和等效球镜度数,等效球镜度数=球镜度数+1/2×柱镜度数;近视定义为任意一眼裸眼远视力<5.0且该眼在非睫状肌麻痹下验光测得等效球镜度数≤-0.50 D
[
10
]
,近视患病率=近视人数/总筛查人数×100%。近视患病率变化幅度=某期近视患病率-参照组近视患病率。采用2019年为参照组,探究2020年视力变化情况;采用2020年为参照组,探究2024年视力变化情况。
1.2. 数据质量评价
截至2024年12月,筛查小学生183 806人;剔除重复记录者(
n
=53)、裸眼远视力或屈光检查结果缺失者(
n
=88)、裸眼远视力超出仪器测量范围者(<4.0或>5.3,
n
=14)、屈光检查结果超出仪器测量范围者(球镜度数绝对值>25.0 D或柱镜度数绝对值大于10.0 D,
n
=2)、年龄超出年级对应范围者(
n
=445),最终纳入183 204人。因裸眼远视力或屈光检查结果等核心指标缺失而排除88人,仅占0.05%,说明样本完整性好;因裸眼远视力或屈光检查结果异常而排除16人,占比不足0.01%,提示数据采集流程规范。此外,本研究小学生总近视患病率为37.1%,与相邻辖区颍泉区数据(37.5%)基本一致
[
11
]
,提示数据可靠可信。
1.3. 统计学分析
分别采用百分比、均值及95%置信区间(confidence interval,
CI
)描述近视患病率和等效球镜度数分布特征,采用卡方检验和单因素方差分析比较各时期近视患病率和等效球镜度数的差异,采用Logistic回归和线性回归调整年级、性别后比较各时期近视患病率和等效球镜度数的差异。再按照年级分层,分析各年级学生各时期近视患病率和等效球镜度数的差异。统计分析应用R软件(版本4.4.3),双侧检验,
P
<0.05认为差异有统计学意义,涉及多重比较的统计检验均采用Bonferroni法校正
P
值。
2019年小学生近视患病率为30.8%(95%
CI
: 30.4%, 31.2%),其中男生28.4%(27.8%, 29.0%)、女生33.7%(33.1%, 34.3%),女生高于男生(
P
<0.001);一年级11.0%(10.4%, 11.6%),二至六年级合计35.7%(35.2%, 36.2%)[二年级16.1%(15.3%, 16.9%),三年级27.9%(26.9%, 28.9%),四年级38.9%(37.8%, 40.0%),五年级46.7%(45.5%, 47.9%),六年级58.6%(57.4%, 59.8%)],呈随年级升高而上升趋势(
P
<0.001)(
表 1
)。定量分析显示,2019年小学生的等效球镜度数为-0.51 D (-0.52 D, -0.49 D),性别、年级间差异情况与近视结果相吻合。
2019—2024年不同年级、不同性别小学生近视患病率
Myopia prevalence among primary school students by grade and gender, 2019-2024
Myopia prevalence was described using the percentage with 95%confidence interval. a reference group 2019, the absolute change in myopia prevalence was calculated for 2020. b reference group 2020, the absolute change in myopia prevalence was calculated for 2024.
Grade 1
再对等效球镜度数进行定量分析,2019年小学生等效球镜度数为-0.51 D (-0.52 D, -0.49 D),2020年-0.72 D (-0.73 D, -0.70 D),2024年-0.68 D (-0.69 D, -0.67 D),即与2019年相比,2020年降低0.21 D (0.19 D, 0.23 D)(
P
<0.001);与2020年相比,2024年回升0.04 D (0.02 D, 0.06 D)(
P
<0.001)。调整年级、性别后,2019年为-0.59 D (-0.60 D, -0.57 D),2020年为-0.79 D (-0.81 D, -0.78 D),2024年为-0.69 D (-0.70 D, -0.68 D),变化情况与调整前相一致。进一步分年级看,2024年一年级学生已恢复至2019年水平,而二至五年级学生虽有所恢复但尚未达到2019年水平(
表 2
)。
2019—2024年不同年级、不同性别小学生等效球镜度数
Spherical equivalent among primary school students by grade and gender, 2019-2024
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