Python MySQL - mysql-connector 驱动
MySQL 是最流行的关系型数据库管理系统,如果你不熟悉 MySQL,可以阅读我们的
MySQL 教程。
本章节我们为大家介绍使用
mysql-connector
来连接使用 MySQL,
mysql-connector
是
MySQL
官方提供的驱动器。
我们可以使用
pip
命令来安装
mysql-connector
:
python -m pip install mysql-connector
使用以下代码测试 mysql-connector 是否安装成功:
demo_mysql_test.py:
import
mysql
.
connector
执行以上代码,如果没有产生错误,表明安装成功。
注
意:
如果你的 MySQL 是 8.0 版本,密码插件验证方式发生了变化,早期版本为 mysql_native_password,8.0 版本为 caching_sha2_password,所以需要做些改变:
先修改 my.ini 配置:
[mysqld]
default_authentication_plugin=mysql_native_password
然后在 mysql 下执行以下命令来修改密码:
ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY '新密码';
更多内容可以参考:
Python MySQL8.0 链接问题
。
mydb
=
mysql
.
connector
.
connect
(
host
=
"
localhost
"
,
user
=
"
yourusername
"
,
passwd
=
"
yourpassword
"
print
(
mydb
)
创建数据库
创建数据库使用 "CREATE DATABASE" 语句,以下创建一个名为 runoob_db 的数据库:
demo_mysql_test.py:
import
mysql
.
connector
mydb
=
mysql
.
connector
.
connect
(
host
=
"
localhost
"
,
user
=
"
root
"
,
passwd
=
"
123456
"
mycursor
=
mydb
.
cursor
(
)
mycursor
.
execute
(
"
CREATE DATABASE runoob_db
"
)
创建数据库前我们也可以使用 "SHOW DATABASES" 语句来查看数据库是否存在:
demo_mysql_test.py:
输出所有数据库列表:
import
mysql
.
connector
mydb
=
mysql
.
connector
.
connect
(
host
=
"
localhost
"
,
user
=
"
root
"
,
passwd
=
"
123456
"
mycursor
=
mydb
.
cursor
(
)
mycursor
.
execute
(
"
SHOW DATABASES
"
)
for
x
in
mycursor
:
print
(
x
)
或者我们可以直接连接数据库,如果数据库不存在,会输出错误信息:
demo_mysql_test.py:
import
mysql
.
connector
mydb
=
mysql
.
connector
.
connect
(
host
=
"
localhost
"
,
user
=
"
root
"
,
passwd
=
"
123456
"
,
database
=
"
runoob_db
"
创建数据表
创建数据表使用
"CREATE TABLE"
语句,创建数据表前,需要确保数据库已存在,以下创建一个名为
sites
的数据表:
demo_mysql_test.py:
import
mysql
.
connector
mydb
=
mysql
.
connector
.
connect
(
host
=
"
localhost
"
,
user
=
"
root
"
,
passwd
=
"
123456
"
,
database
=
"
runoob_db
"
mycursor
=
mydb
.
cursor
(
)
mycursor
.
execute
(
"
CREATE TABLE sites (name VARCHAR(255), url VARCHAR(255))
"
)
执行成功后,我们可以看到数据库创建的数据表 sites,字段为 name 和 url。
我们也可以使用
"SHOW TABLES"
语句来查看数据表是否已存在:
demo_mysql_test.py:
import
mysql
.
connector
mydb
=
mysql
.
connector
.
connect
(
host
=
"
localhost
"
,
user
=
"
root
"
,
passwd
=
"
123456
"
,
database
=
"
runoob_db
"
mycursor
=
mydb
.
cursor
(
)
mycursor
.
execute
(
"
SHOW TABLES
"
)
for
x
in
mycursor
:
print
(
x
)
创建表的时候我们一般都会设置一个主键(PRIMARY KEY),我们可以使用
"INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY"
语句来创建一个主键,主键起始值为 1,逐步递增。
如果我们的表已经创建,我们需要使用
ALTER TABLE
来给表添加主键:
demo_mysql_test.py:
给 sites 表添加主键。
import
mysql
.
connector
mydb
=
mysql
.
connector
.
connect
(
host
=
"
localhost
"
,
user
=
"
root
"
,
passwd
=
"
123456
"
,
database
=
"
runoob_db
"
mycursor
=
mydb
.
cursor
(
)
mycursor
.
execute
(
"
ALTER TABLE sites ADD COLUMN id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY
"
)
如果你还未创建 sites 表,可以直接使用以下代码创建。
demo_mysql_test.py:
给表创建主键。
import
mysql
.
connector
mydb
=
mysql
.
connector
.
connect
(
host
=
"
localhost
"
,
user
=
"
root
"
,
passwd
=
"
123456
"
,
database
=
"
runoob_db
"
mycursor
=
mydb
.
cursor
(
)
mycursor
.
execute
(
"
CREATE TABLE sites (id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(255), url VARCHAR(255))
"
)
插入数据使用
"INSERT INTO"
语句:
demo_mysql_test.py:
向 sites 表插入一条记录。
import
mysql
.
connector
mydb
=
mysql
.
connector
.
connect
(
host
=
"
localhost
"
,
user
=
"
root
"
,
passwd
=
"
123456
"
,
database
=
"
runoob_db
"
mycursor
=
mydb
.
cursor
(
)
sql
=
"
INSERT INTO sites (name, url) VALUES (%s, %s)
"
val
=
(
"
RUNOOB
"
,
"
https://www.runoob.com
"
)
mycursor
.
execute
(
sql
,
val
)
mydb
.
commit
(
)
print
(
mycursor
.
rowcount
,
"
记录插入成功。
"
)
执行代码,输出结果为:
1 记录插入成功
sql
=
"
INSERT INTO sites (name, url) VALUES (%s, %s)
"
val
=
[
(
'
Google
'
,
'
https://www.google.com
'
)
,
(
'
Github
'
,
'
https://www.github.com
'
)
,
(
'
Taobao
'
,
'
https://www.taobao.com
'
)
,
(
'
stackoverflow
'
,
'
https://www.stackoverflow.com/
'
)
mycursor
.
executemany
(
sql
,
val
)
mydb
.
commit
(
)
print
(
mycursor
.
rowcount
,
"
记录插入成功。
"
)
执行代码,输出结果为:
4 记录插入成功。
执行以上代码后,我们可以看看数据表的记录:
如果我们想在数据记录插入后,获取该记录的 ID ,可以使用以下代码:
demo_mysql_test.py:
import
mysql
.
connector
mydb
=
mysql
.
connector
.
connect
(
host
=
"
localhost
"
,
user
=
"
root
"
,
passwd
=
"
123456
"
,
database
=
"
runoob_db
"
mycursor
=
mydb
.
cursor
(
)
sql
=
"
INSERT INTO sites (name, url) VALUES (%s, %s)
"
val
=
(
"
Zhihu
"
,
"
https://www.zhihu.com
"
)
mycursor
.
execute
(
sql
,
val
)
mydb
.
commit
(
)
print
(
"
1 条记录已插入, ID:
"
,
mycursor
.
lastrowid
)
执行代码,输出结果为:
1 条记录已插入, ID: 6
mycursor
.
execute
(
"
SELECT * FROM sites
"
)
myresult
=
mycursor
.
fetchall
(
)
for
x
in
myresult
:
print
(
x
)
执行代码,输出结果为:
(1, 'RUNOOB', 'https://www.runoob.com')
(2, 'Google', 'https://www.google.com')
(3, 'Github', 'https://www.github.com')
(4, 'Taobao', 'https://www.taobao.com')
(5, 'stackoverflow', 'https://www.stackoverflow.com/')
(6, 'Zhihu', 'https://www.zhihu.com')
也可以读取指定的字段数据:
demo_mysql_test.py:
import
mysql
.
connector
mydb
=
mysql
.
connector
.
connect
(
host
=
"
localhost
"
,
user
=
"
root
"
,
passwd
=
"
123456
"
,
database
=
"
runoob_db
"
mycursor
=
mydb
.
cursor
(
)
mycursor
.
execute
(
"
SELECT name, url FROM sites
"
)
myresult
=
mycursor
.
fetchall
(
)
for
x
in
myresult
:
print
(
x
)
执行代码,输出结果为:
('RUNOOB', 'https://www.runoob.com')
('Google', 'https://www.google.com')
('Github', 'https://www.github.com')
('Taobao', 'https://www.taobao.com')
('stackoverflow', 'https://www.stackoverflow.com/')
('Zhihu', 'https://www.zhihu.com')
如果我们只想读取一条数据,可以使用
fetchone()
方法:
demo_mysql_test.py:
import
mysql
.
connector
mydb
=
mysql
.
connector
.
connect
(
host
=
"
localhost
"
,
user
=
"
root
"
,
passwd
=
"
123456
"
,
database
=
"
runoob_db
"
mycursor
=
mydb
.
cursor
(
)
mycursor
.
execute
(
"
SELECT * FROM sites
"
)
myresult
=
mycursor
.
fetchone
(
)
print
(
myresult
)
执行代码,输出结果为:
(1, 'RUNOOB', 'https://www.runoob.com')
where 条件语句
如果我们要读取指定条件的数据,可以使用
where
语句:
demo_mysql_test.py
读取 name 字段为 RUNOOB 的记录:
import
mysql
.
connector
mydb
=
mysql
.
connector
.
connect
(
host
=
"
localhost
"
,
user
=
"
root
"
,
passwd
=
"
123456
"
,
database
=
"
runoob_db
"
mycursor
=
mydb
.
cursor
(
)
sql
=
"
SELECT * FROM sites WHERE name ='RUNOOB'
"
mycursor
.
execute
(
sql
)
myresult
=
mycursor
.
fetchall
(
)
for
x
in
myresult
:
print
(
x
)
执行代码,输出结果为:
(1, 'RUNOOB', 'https://www.runoob.com')
(3, 'Github', 'https://www.github.com')
(2, 'Google', 'https://www.google.com')
(1, 'RUNOOB', 'https://www.runoob.com')
(5, 'stackoverflow', 'https://www.stackoverflow.com/')
(4, 'Taobao', 'https://www.taobao.com')
(6, 'Zhihu', 'https://www.zhihu.com')
降序排序实例:
demo_mysql_test.py
按 name 字段字母的降序排序:
import
mysql
.
connector
mydb
=
mysql
.
connector
.
connect
(
host
=
"
localhost
"
,
user
=
"
root
"
,
passwd
=
"
123456
"
,
database
=
"
runoob_db
"
mycursor
=
mydb
.
cursor
(
)
sql
=
"
SELECT * FROM sites ORDER BY name DESC
"
mycursor
.
execute
(
sql
)
myresult
=
mycursor
.
fetchall
(
)
for
x
in
myresult
:
print
(
x
)
执行代码,输出结果为:
(6, 'Zhihu', 'https://www.zhihu.com')
(4, 'Taobao', 'https://www.taobao.com')
(5, 'stackoverflow', 'https://www.stackoverflow.com/')
(1, 'RUNOOB', 'https://www.runoob.com')
(2, 'Google', 'https://www.google.com')
(3, 'Github', 'https://www.github.com')
Limit
如果我们要设置查询的数据量,可以通过
"LIMIT"
语句来指定
demo_mysql_test.py
读取前 3 条记录:
import
mysql
.
connector
mydb
=
mysql
.
connector
.
connect
(
host
=
"
localhost
"
,
user
=
"
root
"
,
passwd
=
"
123456
"
,
database
=
"
runoob_db
"
mycursor
=
mydb
.
cursor
(
)
mycursor
.
execute
(
"
SELECT * FROM sites LIMIT 3
"
)
myresult
=
mycursor
.
fetchall
(
)
for
x
in
myresult
:
print
(
x
)
执行代码,输出结果为:
(1, 'RUNOOB', 'https://www.runoob.com')
(2, 'Google', 'https://www.google.com')
(3, 'Github', 'https://www.github.com')
mycursor
=
mydb
.
cursor
(
)
mycursor
.
execute
(
"
SELECT * FROM sites LIMIT 3 OFFSET 1
"
)
myresult
=
mycursor
.
fetchall
(
)
for
x
in
myresult
:
print
(
x
)
执行代码,输出结果为:
(2, 'Google', 'https://www.google.com')
(3, 'Github', 'https://www.github.com')
(4, 'Taobao', 'https://www.taobao.com')
注意:
要慎重使用删除语句,删除语句要确保指定了 WHERE 条件语句,否则会导致整表数据被删除。
为了防止数据库查询发生 SQL 注入的攻击,我们可以使用
%s
占位符来转义删除语句的条件:
demo_mysql_test.py
import
mysql
.
connector
mydb
=
mysql
.
connector
.
connect
(
host
=
"
localhost
"
,
user
=
"
root
"
,
passwd
=
"
123456
"
,
database
=
"
runoob_db
"
mycursor
=
mydb
.
cursor
(
)
sql
=
"
DELETE FROM sites WHERE name = %s
"
na
=
(
"
stackoverflow
"
,
)
mycursor
.
execute
(
sql
,
na
)
mydb
.
commit
(
)
print
(
mycursor
.
rowcount
,
"
条记录删除
"
)
执行代码,输出结果为:
1 条记录删除
注意:
UPDATE 语句要确保指定了 WHERE 条件语句,否则会导致整表数据被更新。
为了防止数据库查询发生 SQL 注入的攻击,我们可以使用 %s 占位符来转义更新语句的条件:
demo_mysql_test.py
import
mysql
.
connector
mydb
=
mysql
.
connector
.
connect
(
host
=
"
localhost
"
,
user
=
"
root
"
,
passwd
=
"
123456
"
,
database
=
"
runoob_db
"
mycursor
=
mydb
.
cursor
(
)
sql
=
"
UPDATE sites SET name = %s WHERE name = %s
"
val
=
(
"
Zhihu
"
,
"
ZH
"
)
mycursor
.
execute
(
sql
,
val
)
mydb
.
commit
(
)
print
(
mycursor
.
rowcount
,
"
条记录被修改
"
)
执行代码,输出结果为:
1 条记录被修改