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.MuiTreeItem-iconContainer{margin-right:4px;width:15px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;}.css-khel7y .MuiTreeItem-iconContainer svg{font-size:18px;}.css-khel7y .MuiTreeItem-label{width:100%;min-width:0;padding-left:4px;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5rem;font-family:"Helvetica Neue","sans-serif";font-weight:400;font-style:normal;color:#666666;}</style><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><style data-emotion="css 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style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">数据迁移</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-6" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">数据集成</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root 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class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">故障诊断</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-10" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">性能调优</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">教程</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-12" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">TiDB 工具</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-13" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">参考指南</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="true" id="left-nav-treeview-0-14" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content Mui-expanded" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">常见问题解答 (FAQ)</div></div><style data-emotion="css 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(min-width:600px){.css-90fn5w{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}</style><div class="css-90fn5w"><style data-emotion="css vofosd">.css-vofosd{padding:1.5rem 0;}@media (min-width:0px){.css-vofosd{width:100%;}}@media (min-width:600px){.css-vofosd{width:calc(100% - 17.5rem);}}</style><div class="MuiBox-root css-vofosd"><style data-emotion="css 1ekb41w">.css-1ekb41w{width:100%;margin-left:auto;box-sizing:border-box;margin-right:auto;display:block;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-1ekb41w{padding-left:24px;padding-right:24px;}}@media (min-width:1536px){.css-1ekb41w{max-width:1536px;}}</style><div class="MuiContainer-root MuiContainer-maxWidthXl doc-content css-1ekb41w"><div class="markdown-body MuiBox-root css-0"><h1 id="tidb-集群管理常见问题" style="position:relative"><a href="#tidb-%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B8%B8%E8%A7%81%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" aria-label="tidb 集群管理常见问题 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>TiDB 集群管理常见问题</h1><p>本文介绍管理 TiDB 集群时的常见问题、原因及解决方法。</p><h2 id="集群日常管理" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4%E6%97%A5%E5%B8%B8%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" aria-label="集群日常管理 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>集群日常管理</h2><p>本小节介绍集群日程管理中的常见问题、原因及解决方法。</p><h3 id="tidb-如何登录" style="position:relative"><a href="#tidb-%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95" aria-label="tidb 如何登录 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>TiDB 如何登录？</h3><p>和 MySQL 登录方式一样，可以按照下面例子进行登录。</p><pre><code class="language-shell">mysql -h 127.0.0.1 -uroot -P4000 </code></pre><h3 id="tidb-如何修改数据库系统变量" style="position:relative"><a href="#tidb-%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F" aria-label="tidb 如何修改数据库系统变量 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>TiDB 如何修改数据库系统变量？</h3><p>和 MySQL 一样，TiDB 也分为静态参数和固态参数，静态参数可以直接通过 <code>SET GLOBAL xxx = n</code> 的方式进行修改，不过新参数值只限于该实例生命周期有效。</p><h3 id="tidb-tikv-有哪些数据目录" style="position:relative"><a href="#tidb-tikv-%E6%9C%89%E5%93%AA%E4%BA%9B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" aria-label="tidb tikv 有哪些数据目录 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>TiDB (TiKV) 有哪些数据目录？</h3><p>默认在 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/command-line-flags-for-tikv-configuration#--data-dir"><code>--data-dir</code></a> 目录下，其中包括 backup、db、raft、snap 四个目录，分别存储备份、数据、raft 数据及镜像数据。</p><h3 id="tidb-有哪些系统表" style="position:relative"><a href="#tidb-%E6%9C%89%E5%93%AA%E4%BA%9B%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E8%A1%A8" aria-label="tidb 有哪些系统表 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>TiDB 有哪些系统表？</h3><p>和 MySQL 类似，TiDB 中也有系统表，用于存放数据库运行时所需信息，具体信息参考 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/mysql-schema">TiDB 系统表</a>文档。</p><h3 id="tidb-各节点服务器下是否有日志文件如何管理" style="position:relative"><a href="#tidb-%E5%90%84%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%99%A8%E4%B8%8B%E6%98%AF%E5%90%A6%E6%9C%89%E6%97%A5%E5%BF%97%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" aria-label="tidb 各节点服务器下是否有日志文件如何管理 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>TiDB 各节点服务器下是否有日志文件，如何管理？</h3><p>默认情况下各节点服务器会在日志中输出标准错误，如果启动的时候通过 <code>--log-file</code> 参数指定了日志文件，那么日志会输出到指定的文件中，并且按天做 rotation。</p><h3 id="tidbtikvpd-节点的各类文件存放在哪里" style="position:relative"><a href="#tidbtikvpd-%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E7%9A%84%E5%90%84%E7%B1%BB%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%AD%98%E6%94%BE%E5%9C%A8%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C" aria-label="tidbtikvpd 节点的各类文件存放在哪里 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>TiDB、TiKV、PD 节点的各类文件存放在哪里？</h3><p>如需快速了解 TiDB 节点、TiKV 节点、PD 节点的配置文件、数据文件及日志文件的相关介绍与其存放位置，建议观看下面的培训视频（时长 9 分钟）。</p><video src="https://download.pingcap.com/docs-cn/Lesson12_log.mp4" width="100%" height="100%" controls="" poster="https://download.pingcap.com/docs-cn/poster_lesson12.png"/><h3 id="如何规范停止-tidb" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E5%81%9C%E6%AD%A2-tidb" aria-label="如何规范停止 tidb permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>如何规范停止 TiDB？</h3><ul><li><p>若使用了 load balancer（推荐）：先停止 load balancer，然后执行 <code>SHUTDOWN</code> 语句。此时 TiDB 会根据 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/tidb-configuration-file#graceful-wait-before-shutdown-从-v50-版本开始引入"><code>graceful-wait-before-shutdown</code></a> 设置值等待所有会话断开，然后停止运行。</p></li><li><p>若未使用 load balancer：执行 <code>SHUTDOWN</code> 语句，TiDB 组件会做 graceful shutdown。</p></li></ul><h3 id="tidb-里面可以执行-kill-命令吗" style="position:relative"><a href="#tidb-%E9%87%8C%E9%9D%A2%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C-kill-%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E5%90%97" aria-label="tidb 里面可以执行 kill 命令吗 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>TiDB 里面可以执行 kill 命令吗？</h3><ul><li><p>Kill DML 语句：</p><p> 查询 <code>information_schema.cluster_processlist</code>，获取正在执行 DML 语句的 TiDB 实例地址和 session ID，然后执行 kill 命令。</p><p> TiDB 从 v6.1.0 起新增 Global Kill 功能（由 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/tidb-configuration-file#enable-global-kill-从-v610-版本开始引入"><code>enable-global-kill</code></a> 配置项控制，默认启用）。启用 Global Kill 功能时，直接执行 <code>kill session_id</code> 即可。</p><p> 对于 TiDB v6.1.0 之前的版本，或未启用 Global Kill 功能时，<code>kill session_id</code> 默认不生效，客户端需要连接到正在执行 DML 语句的 TiDB 实例，然后执行 <code>kill tidb session_id</code> 才能 kill DML 语句。如果客户端连接到其他 TiDB 实例或者客户端和 TiDB 集群之间有代理，<code>kill tidb session_id</code> 可能会被路由到其他的 TiDB 实例，从而错误地终止其他会话。具体可以参考 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/sql-statement-kill"><code>KILL</code></a>。</p></li><li><p>Kill DDL 语句：执行 <code>admin show ddl jobs</code>，查找需要 kill 的 DDL job ID，然后执行 <code>admin cancel ddl jobs 'job_id' [, 'job_id'] ...</code>。具体可以参考 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/sql-statement-admin"><code>ADMIN</code></a>。</p></li></ul><h3 id="tidb-是否支持会话超时" style="position:relative"><a href="#tidb-%E6%98%AF%E5%90%A6%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E4%BC%9A%E8%AF%9D%E8%B6%85%E6%97%B6" aria-label="tidb 是否支持会话超时 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>TiDB 是否支持会话超时？</h3><p>TiDB 目前支持 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/system-variables#wait_timeout"><code>wait_timeout</code></a> 和 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/system-variables#interactive_timeout"><code>interactive_timeout</code></a> 两种超时。</p><h3 id="tidb-的版本管理策略是怎么样的" style="position:relative"><a href="#tidb-%E7%9A%84%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5%E6%98%AF%E6%80%8E%E4%B9%88%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84" aria-label="tidb 的版本管理策略是怎么样的 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>TiDB 的版本管理策略是怎么样的？</h3><p>关于 TiDB 版本的管理策略，可以参考 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/versioning">TiDB 版本规则</a>。</p><h3 id="部署和维护-tidb-集群的运营成本如何" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4-tidb-%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%90%E8%90%A5%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95" aria-label="部署和维护 tidb 集群的运营成本如何 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>部署和维护 TiDB 集群的运营成本如何？</h3><p>TiDB 提供了一些特性和<a href="/zh/tidb/stable/ecosystem-tool-user-guide">工具</a>，可以帮助你以低成本管理集群：</p><ul><li>在运维方面，<a href="/zh/tidb/stable/tiup-documentation-guide">TiUP</a> 作为包管理器，简化了部署、扩缩容、升级和其他运维任务。</li><li>在监控方面，<a href="/zh/tidb/stable/tidb-monitoring-framework">TiDB 监控框架</a>使用 <a href="https://prometheus.io/" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">Prometheus</a> 存储监控和性能指标，使用 <a href="https://grafana.com/grafana/" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">Grafana</a> 可视化这些指标。Grafana 内置了数十个面板，覆盖了数百个指标。</li><li>在故障诊断方面，<a href="/zh/tidb/stable/tidb-troubleshooting-map">TiDB 集群问题导图</a>汇总了 TiDB 服务器和其他组件的常见问题。你可以使用这个导图来诊断和解决遇到的相关问题。</li></ul><h3 id="分不清-tidb-master-版本之间的区别应该怎么办" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E5%88%86%E4%B8%8D%E6%B8%85-tidb-master-%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC%E4%B9%8B%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%AB%E5%BA%94%E8%AF%A5%E6%80%8E%E4%B9%88%E5%8A%9E" aria-label="分不清 tidb master 版本之间的区别应该怎么办 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>分不清 TiDB master 版本之间的区别，应该怎么办？</h3><p>TiDB 目前社区非常活跃，同时，我们还在不断的优化和修改 BUG，因此 TiDB 的版本更新周期比较快，会不定期有新版本发布，请关注我们的<a href="/zh/tidb/stable/release-timeline">版本发布时间线</a>。此外 TiDB 安装推荐<a href="/zh/tidb/stable/production-deployment-using-tiup">使用 TiUP 进行安装</a>或<a href="https://docs.pingcap.com/zh/tidb-in-kubernetes/stable" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">使用 TiDB Operator 进行安装</a>。TiDB 的版本号目前实现了统一管理，你可以通过如下任意方式查看 TiDB 的版本号：</p><ul><li>通过 <code>select tidb_version()</code> 进行查看</li><li>通过执行 <code>tidb-server -V</code> 进行查看</li></ul><h3 id="有没有图形化部署-tidb-的工具" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E6%9C%89%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2%E5%8C%96%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2-tidb-%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7" aria-label="有没有图形化部署 tidb 的工具 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>有没有图形化部署 TiDB 的工具？</h3><p>有。你可以使用 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/tiunimanager-overview">TiUniManager</a>，它是一款为分布式数据库 TiDB 打造的管控平台软件和数据库运维管理平台，为 TiDB 提供数据库集群管理功能、主机管理功能和平台管理功能，涵盖了数据库运维人员 (DBA) 在 TiDB 上进行的常用运维操作，帮助 DBA 对 TiDB 进行自动化、自助化和可视化管理。</p><h3 id="如何扩容-tidb-集群" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E6%89%A9%E5%AE%B9-tidb-%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4" aria-label="如何扩容 tidb 集群 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>如何扩容 TiDB 集群？</h3><p>可以在不影响线上服务的情况下，对 TiDB 集群进行扩容。</p><ul><li>如果是使用 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/production-deployment-using-tiup">TiUP</a> 部署的集群，可以参考<a href="/zh/tidb/stable/scale-tidb-using-tiup">使用 TiUP 扩容 TiDB 集群</a>。</li><li>如果是使用 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/tidb-operator-overview">TiDB Operator</a> 在 Kubernetes 上部署的集群，可以参考<a href="https://docs.pingcap.com/zh/tidb-in-kubernetes/stable/scale-a-tidb-cluster" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">在 Kubernetes 中手动扩容 TiDB 集群</a>。</li></ul><h3 id="tidb-如何进行水平扩展" style="position:relative"><a href="#tidb-%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%B0%B4%E5%B9%B3%E6%89%A9%E5%B1%95" aria-label="tidb 如何进行水平扩展 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>TiDB 如何进行水平扩展？</h3><p>当您的业务不断增长时，数据库可能会面临三方面瓶颈，第一是存储空间，第二是计算资源，第三是读写容量，这时可以对 TiDB 集群做水平扩展。</p><ul><li>如果是存储资源不够，可以通过添加 TiKV Server 节点来解决，新节点启动后，PD 会自动将其他节点的部分数据迁移过去，无需人工介入。</li><li>如果是计算资源不够，可以查看 TiDB Server 和 TiKV Server 节点的 CPU 消耗情况，再考虑添加 TiDB Server 节点或者是 TiKV Server 节点来解决，如添加 TiDB Server 节点，将其添加到前端 Load Balancer 配置之中即可。</li><li>如果是容量跟不上，一般可以考虑同时增加 TiDB Server 和 TiKV Server 节点。</li></ul><h3 id="percolator-用了分布式锁crash-的客户端会保持锁会造成锁没有-release" style="position:relative"><a href="#percolator-%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%86%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E9%94%81crash-%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%A2%E6%88%B7%E7%AB%AF%E4%BC%9A%E4%BF%9D%E6%8C%81%E9%94%81%E4%BC%9A%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E9%94%81%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89-release" aria-label="percolator 用了分布式锁crash 的客户端会保持锁会造成锁没有 release permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>Percolator 用了分布式锁，crash 的客户端会保持锁，会造成锁没有 release？</h3><p>详细可参考 <a href="https://pingcap.com/blog-cn/percolator-and-txn/" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">Percolator 和 TiDB 事务算法</a>。</p><h3 id="tidb-为什么选用-grpc-而不选用-thrift是因为-google-在用吗" style="position:relative"><a href="#tidb-%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E9%80%89%E7%94%A8-grpc-%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%89%E7%94%A8-thrift%E6%98%AF%E5%9B%A0%E4%B8%BA-google-%E5%9C%A8%E7%94%A8%E5%90%97" aria-label="tidb 为什么选用 grpc 而不选用 thrift是因为 google 在用吗 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>TiDB 为什么选用 gRPC 而不选用 Thrift，是因为 Google 在用吗？</h3><p>不只是因为 Google 在用，有一些比较好的特性我们需要，比如流控、加密还有 Streaming。</p><h3 id="likebindocustomersname-jason-92-这个92代表什么" style="position:relative"><a href="#likebindocustomersname-jason-92-%E8%BF%99%E4%B8%AA92%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88" aria-label="likebindocustomersname jason 92 这个92代表什么 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>like(bindo.customers.name, jason%, 92) 这个92代表什么？</h3><p>那个是转义字符，默认是 (ASCII 92)。</p><h3 id="为什么-information_schematablesdata_length-记录的大小和-tikv-监控面板上的-store-size-不一样" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88-information_schematablesdata_length-%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%92%8C-tikv-%E7%9B%91%E6%8E%A7%E9%9D%A2%E6%9D%BF%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84-store-size-%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%80%E6%A0%B7" aria-label="为什么 information_schematablesdata_length 记录的大小和 tikv 监控面板上的 store size 不一样 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>为什么 <code>information_schema.tables.data_length</code> 记录的大小和 TiKV 监控面板上的 store size 不一样？</h3><p>这是因为两者计算的角度不一样。<code>information_schema.tables.data_length</code> 是通过统计信息（平均每行的大小）得到的估算值。TiKV 监控面板上的 store size 是单个 TiKV 实例的数据文件（RocksDB 的 SST 文件）的大小总和。由于多版本和 TiKV 会压缩数据，所以两者显示的大小不一样。</p><h3 id="为什么事务没有使用异步提交或一阶段提交" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E4%BA%8B%E5%8A%A1%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E5%BC%82%E6%AD%A5%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%A4%E6%88%96%E4%B8%80%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%A4" aria-label="为什么事务没有使用异步提交或一阶段提交 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>为什么事务没有使用异步提交或一阶段提交？</h3><p>在以下情况中，即使通过系统变量开启了<a href="/zh/tidb/stable/system-variables#tidb_enable_async_commit-从-v50-版本开始引入">异步提交</a>和<a href="/zh/tidb/stable/system-variables#tidb_enable_1pc-从-v50-版本开始引入">一阶段提交</a>，TiDB 也不会使用这些特性：</p><ul><li>如果开启了 TiDB Binlog，受 TiDB Binlog 的实现原理限制，TiDB 不会使用异步提交或一阶段提交特性。</li><li>TiDB 只在事务写入不超过 256 个键值对，以及所有键值对里键的总大小不超过 4 KB 时，才会使用异步提交或一阶段提交特性。这是因为对于写入量大的事务，异步提交不能明显提升执行性能。</li></ul><h2 id="pd-管理" style="position:relative"><a href="#pd-%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" aria-label="pd 管理 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>PD 管理</h2><p>本小节介绍 PD 管理中的常见问题、原因及解决方法。</p><h3 id="访问-pd-报错tikv-cluster-is-not-bootstrapped" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE-pd-%E6%8A%A5%E9%94%99tikv-cluster-is-not-bootstrapped" aria-label="访问 pd 报错tikv cluster is not bootstrapped permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>访问 PD 报错：TiKV cluster is not bootstrapped</h3><p>PD 的大部分 API 需要在初始化 TiKV 集群以后才能使用，如果在部署新集群的时候只启动了 PD，还没有启动 TiKV，这时候访问 PD 就会报这个错误。遇到这个错误应该先把要部署的 TiKV 启动起来，TiKV 会自动完成初始化工作，然后就可以正常访问 PD。</p><h3 id="pd-启动报错etcd-cluster-id-mismatch" style="position:relative"><a href="#pd-%E5%90%AF%E5%8A%A8%E6%8A%A5%E9%94%99etcd-cluster-id-mismatch" aria-label="pd 启动报错etcd cluster id mismatch permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>PD 启动报错：etcd cluster ID mismatch</h3><p>PD 启动参数中的 <code>--initial-cluster</code> 包含了某个不属于该集群的成员。遇到这个错误时请检查各个成员的所属集群，剔除错误的成员后即可正常启动。</p><h3 id="pd-能容忍的时间同步误差是多少" style="position:relative"><a href="#pd-%E8%83%BD%E5%AE%B9%E5%BF%8D%E7%9A%84%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E6%98%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%91" aria-label="pd 能容忍的时间同步误差是多少 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>PD 能容忍的时间同步误差是多少？</h3><p>理论上，时间同步误差越小越好。PD 可容忍任意时长的误差，但是，时间同步误差越大意味着 PD 分配的时间戳与真实的物理时间相差越大，这个差距会影响读历史版本等功能。</p><h3 id="client-连接是如何寻找-pd-的" style="position:relative"><a href="#client-%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5%E6%98%AF%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%BB%E6%89%BE-pd-%E7%9A%84" aria-label="client 连接是如何寻找 pd 的 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>Client 连接是如何寻找 PD 的？</h3><p>Client 连接只能通过 TiDB 访问集群，TiDB 负责连接 PD 与 TiKV，PD 与 TiKV 对 Client 透明。当 TiDB 连接任意一台 PD 的时候，PD 会告知 TiDB 当前的 leader 是谁，如果此台 PD 不是 leader，TiDB 将会重新连接至 leader PD。</p><h3 id="tikv-节点-store-各状态-up-disconnect-offline-down-tombstone-之间的关系是什么" style="position:relative"><a href="#tikv-%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9-store-%E5%90%84%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81-up-disconnect-offline-down-tombstone-%E4%B9%8B%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%98%AF%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88" aria-label="tikv 节点 store 各状态 up disconnect offline down tombstone 之间的关系是什么 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>TiKV 节点 (Store) 各状态 (Up, Disconnect, Offline, Down, Tombstone) 之间的关系是什么？</h3><p>使用 <code>pd-ctl</code> 可以查看 TiKV 节点的状态信息。如需查看各个状态之间的关系，请参考 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/tidb-scheduling#信息收集">TiKV Store 状态之间的关系</a>。</p><h3 id="pd-参数中-leader-schedule-limit-和-region-schedule-limit-调度有什么区别" style="position:relative"><a href="#pd-%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E4%B8%AD-leader-schedule-limit-%E5%92%8C-region-schedule-limit-%E8%B0%83%E5%BA%A6%E6%9C%89%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%AB" aria-label="pd 参数中 leader schedule limit 和 region schedule limit 调度有什么区别 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>PD 参数中 leader-schedule-limit 和 region-schedule-limit 调度有什么区别？</h3><ul><li>leader-schedule-limit 调度是用来均衡不同 TiKV 的 leader 数，影响处理查询的负载。</li><li>region-schedule-limit 调度是均衡不同 TiKV 的副本数，影响不同节点的数据量。</li></ul><h3 id="每个-region-的-replica-数量可配置吗调整的方法是" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E6%AF%8F%E4%B8%AA-region-%E7%9A%84-replica-%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%E5%8F%AF%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE%E5%90%97%E8%B0%83%E6%95%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E6%98%AF" aria-label="每个 region 的 replica 数量可配置吗调整的方法是 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>每个 region 的 replica 数量可配置吗？调整的方法是？</h3><p>可以，目前只能调整全局的 replica 数量。首次启动时 PD 会读配置文件 (conf/pd.yml)，使用其中的 max-replicas 配置，之后修改需要使用 pd-ctl 配置命令 <code>config set max-replicas $num</code>，配置后可通过 <code>config show all</code> 来查看已生效的配置。调整的时候，不会影响业务，会在后台添加，注意总 TiKV 实例数总是要大于等于设置的副本数，例如 3 副本需要至少 3 个 TiKV。增加副本数量之前需要预估额外的存储需求。pd-ctl 的详细用法可参考 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/pd-control">PD Control 使用说明</a>。</p><h3 id="缺少命令行集群管理工具整个集群的健康度当前是否正常不好确认" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E7%BC%BA%E5%B0%91%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E8%A1%8C%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E6%95%B4%E4%B8%AA%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4%E7%9A%84%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%BA%A6%E5%BD%93%E5%89%8D%E6%98%AF%E5%90%A6%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%B8%E4%B8%8D%E5%A5%BD%E7%A1%AE%E8%AE%A4" aria-label="缺少命令行集群管理工具整个集群的健康度当前是否正常不好确认 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>缺少命令行集群管理工具，整个集群的健康度当前是否正常，不好确认？</h3><p>可以通过 pd-ctl 等工具来判断集群大概的状态，详细的集群状态还是需要通过监控来确认。</p><h3 id="集群下线节点后怎么删除老集群节点监控信息" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4%E4%B8%8B%E7%BA%BF%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%90%8E%E6%80%8E%E4%B9%88%E5%88%A0%E9%99%A4%E8%80%81%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E7%9B%91%E6%8E%A7%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF" aria-label="集群下线节点后怎么删除老集群节点监控信息 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>集群下线节点后，怎么删除老集群节点监控信息？</h3><p>下线节点一般指 TiKV 节点通过 pd-ctl 或者监控判断节点是否下线完成。节点下线完成后，手动停止下线节点上相关的服务。从 Prometheus 配置文件中删除对应节点的 node_exporter 信息。</p><h2 id="tidb-server-管理" style="position:relative"><a href="#tidb-server-%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" aria-label="tidb server 管理 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>TiDB server 管理</h2><p>本小节介绍 TiDB server 管理中的常见问题、原因及解决方法。</p><h3 id="tidb-的-lease-参数应该如何设置" style="position:relative"><a href="#tidb-%E7%9A%84-lease-%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%BA%94%E8%AF%A5%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E8%AE%BE%E7%BD%AE" aria-label="tidb 的 lease 参数应该如何设置 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>TiDB 的 lease 参数应该如何设置？</h3><p>启动 TiDB Server 时，需要通过命令行参数设置 lease 参数 (<code>--lease=60</code>)，其值会影响 DDL 的速度（只会影响当前执行 DDL 的 session，其他的 session 不会受影响）。在测试阶段，lease 的值可以设为 1s，加快测试进度；在生产环境下，我们推荐这个值设为分钟级（一般可以设为 60），这样可以保证 DDL 操作的安全。</p><h3 id="ddl-在正常情况下的耗时是多少" style="position:relative"><a href="#ddl-%E5%9C%A8%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%B8%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%80%97%E6%97%B6%E6%98%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%91" aria-label="ddl 在正常情况下的耗时是多少 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>DDL 在正常情况下的耗时是多少？</h3><p>一般情况下处理一个 DDL 操作（之前没有其他 DDL 操作在处理）的耗时基本可以分如下为三种：</p><ul><li>add index 操作，且此操作对应表数据行数比较少，耗时约为 3s。</li><li>add index 操作，且此操作对应表数据行数比较多，耗时具体由表中数据行数和当时 QPS 情况定（add index 操作优先级比一般 SQL 低）。</li><li>其他 DDL 操作耗时约为 1s。</li></ul><p>此外，如果接收 DDL 请求的 TiDB 和 DDL owner 所处的 TiDB 是一台，那么上面列举的第一和第三种可能的耗时应该在几十到几百毫秒。</p><h3 id="为什么有的时候执行-ddl-会很慢" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%9C%89%E7%9A%84%E6%97%B6%E5%80%99%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C-ddl-%E4%BC%9A%E5%BE%88%E6%85%A2" aria-label="为什么有的时候执行 ddl 会很慢 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>为什么有的时候执行 DDL 会很慢？</h3><p>可能原因如下：</p><ul><li>多个 DDL 语句一起执行的时候，后面的几个 DDL 语句会比较慢。原因是当前 TiDB 集群中 DDL 操作是串行执行的。</li><li>在正常集群启动后，第一个 DDL 操作的执行时间可能会比较久，一般在 30s 左右，这个原因是刚启动时 TiDB 在竞选处理 DDL 的 leader。</li><li>由于停 TiDB 时不能与 PD 正常通信（包括停电情况）或者用 <code>kill -9</code> 指令停 TiDB 导致 TiDB 没有及时从 PD 清理注册数据，那么会影响 TiDB 启动后 10min 内的 DDL 语句处理时间。这段时间内运行 DDL 语句时，每个 DDL 状态变化都需要等待 2 * lease（默认 lease = 45s）。</li><li>当集群中某个 TiDB 与 PD 之间发生通信问题，即 TiDB 不能从 PD 及时获取或更新版本信息，那么这时候 DDL 操作的每个状态处理需要等待 2 * lease。</li></ul><h3 id="tidb-可以使用-s3-作为后端存储吗" style="position:relative"><a href="#tidb-%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8-s3-%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E5%90%8E%E7%AB%AF%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%90%97" aria-label="tidb 可以使用 s3 作为后端存储吗 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>TiDB 可以使用 S3 作为后端存储吗？</h3><p>不可以，目前 TiDB 只支持分布式存储引擎和 GolevelDB/RocksDB/BoltDB 引擎。</p><h3 id="information_schema-能否支持更多真实信息" style="position:relative"><a href="#information_schema-%E8%83%BD%E5%90%A6%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E6%9B%B4%E5%A4%9A%E7%9C%9F%E5%AE%9E%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF" aria-label="information_schema 能否支持更多真实信息 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>Information_schema 能否支持更多真实信息？</h3><p>Information_schema 库里面的表主要是为了兼容 MySQL 而存在，有些第三方软件会查询里面的信息。在目前 TiDB 的实现中，里面大部分只是一些空表。后续随着 TiDB 的升级，会提供更多的参数信息。当前 TiDB 支持的 Information_schema 请参考 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/information-schema">TiDB 系统数据库说明文档</a>。</p><h3 id="tidb-backoff-type-主要原因" style="position:relative"><a href="#tidb-backoff-type-%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%A0" aria-label="tidb backoff type 主要原因 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>TiDB Backoff type 主要原因？</h3><p>TiDB-server 与 TiKV-server 随时进行通信，在进行大量数据操作过程中，会出现 <code>Server is busy</code> 或者 <code>backoff.maxsleep 20000ms</code> 的日志提示信息，这是由于 TiKV-server 在处理过程中系统比较忙而出现的提示信息，通常这时候可以通过系统资源监控到 TiKV 主机系统资源使用率比较高的情况出现。如果这种情况出现，可以根据资源使用情况进行相应的扩容操作。</p><h3 id="tidb-ticlient-type-主要原因" style="position:relative"><a href="#tidb-ticlient-type-%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%A0" aria-label="tidb ticlient type 主要原因 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>TiDB TiClient type 主要原因？</h3><p>TiClient Region Error 该指标描述的是在 TiDB-server 作为客户端通过 KV 接口访问 TiKV-server 进行数据操作过程中，TiDB-server 操作 TiKV-server 中的 Region 数据出现的错误类型与 metric 指标，错误类型包括 not_leader、stale_epoch。出现这些错误的情况是当 TiDB-server 根据自己的缓存信息去操作 Region leader 数据的时候，Region leader 发生了迁移或者 TiKV 当前的 Region 信息与 TiDB 缓存的路由信息不一致而出现的错误提示。一般这种情况下，TiDB-server 都会自动重新从 PD 获取最新的路由数据，重做之前的操作。</p><h3 id="tidb-同时支持的最大并发连接数" style="position:relative"><a href="#tidb-%E5%90%8C%E6%97%B6%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%B9%B6%E5%8F%91%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5%E6%95%B0" aria-label="tidb 同时支持的最大并发连接数 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>TiDB 同时支持的最大并发连接数？</h3><p>默认情况下，每个 TiDB 服务器的最大连接数没有限制。如有需要，可以在 <code>config.toml</code> 文件中设置 <code>instance.max_connections</code>（或者系统变量 <code>max_connections</code>）来限制最大连接数。如果并发量过大导致响应时间增加，建议通过添加 TiDB 节点进行扩容。</p><h3 id="如何查看某张表创建的时间" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E6%9F%90%E5%BC%A0%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" aria-label="如何查看某张表创建的时间 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>如何查看某张表创建的时间？</h3><p>information_schema 库中的 tables 表里的 create_time 即为表的真实创建时间。</p><h3 id="tidb-的日志中-expensive_query-是什么意思" style="position:relative"><a href="#tidb-%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A5%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%AD-expensive_query-%E6%98%AF%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%84%8F%E6%80%9D" aria-label="tidb 的日志中 expensive_query 是什么意思 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>TiDB 的日志中 EXPENSIVE_QUERY 是什么意思？</h3><p>TiDB 在执行 SQL 时，预估出来每个 operator 处理了超过 10000 条数据就认为这条 query 是 expensive query。可以通过修改 tidb-server 配置参数来对这个门限值进行调整，调整后需要重新启动 tidb-server。</p><h3 id="如何预估-tidb-中一张表的大小" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E9%A2%84%E4%BC%B0-tidb-%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%80%E5%BC%A0%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F" aria-label="如何预估 tidb 中一张表的大小 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>如何预估 TiDB 中一张表的大小？</h3><p>要预估 TiDB 中一张表的大小，你可以参考使用以下查询语句：</p><pre><code class="language-sql">SELECT db_name, table_name, ROUND(SUM(total_size / cnt), 2) Approximate_Size, ROUND(SUM(total_size / cnt / (SELECT ROUND(AVG(value), 2) METRICS_SCHEMA.store_size_amplification WHERE value &gt; 0)), 2) Disk_Size (SELECT db_name, table_name, region_id, SUM(Approximate_Size) total_size, COUNT(*) cnt information_schema.TIKV_REGION_STATUS