块加密,常用的加密模式有ECB、CBC。ECB,即electronic code book,将整个明文分成若干段相同小段,然后每小段进行加密,每段互不依赖,可以并行处理,同样的明文就会生成同样的密文;CBC,即cipher block chaining,密文分组链模式,密文分组间如同链条相互连接,先将明文切割为若干段,每一小段与上一段的密文段运算后(第一个块没有上个密文段,故而使用IV进行运算),再同秘钥进行加密,因为是串行处理,所以同样明文每次生成的密文不一样。
块加密中,常用还有填充模式,对于固定加密算法,每个块有固定大小,如AES的块大小为16个字节的整数倍,明文分块时,如果块大小不够,则需要使用固定数据进行填充。
AES的Cipher.getInstance调用时,使用AES即可,默认使用的分组模式就是ECB,填充模式为PKCS5Padding。如果需要使用CBC模式,则需要加入额外的Iv参数。
package com.xiaoxu.crawler.utils;
import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils;
import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
import javax.crypto.*;
import javax.crypto.spec.IvParameterSpec;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.security.InvalidAlgorithmParameterException;
import java.security.InvalidKeyException;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
* @author xiaoxu
* @date 2022-11-06 21:24
* crawlerJ:com.xiaoxu.crawler.utils.AESUtils
public class AESUtils {
private static final String AES_ALGORITHM = "AES";
private static final String AES_ECB_MODE = "AES/ECB/PKCS5Padding";
private static final String AES_CBC_MODE = "AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding";
private static final String UTF8 = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name();
private static final List<Integer> AES_KEYSIZES = Arrays.asList(16, 24, 32);
static enum AESGroupMode{
ECB("ECB", false, "ECB分组模式"),
CBC("CBC", true, "CBC分组模式");
private String code;
private boolean needIv;
private String desc;
private AESGroupMode(String code, boolean needIv, String desc){
this.code = code;
this.needIv = needIv;
this.desc = desc;
public String getCode() {
return code;
public void setCode(String code) {
this.code = code;
public boolean isNeedIv() {
return needIv;
public void setNeedIv(boolean needIv) {
this.needIv = needIv;
public String getDesc() {
return desc;
public void setDesc(String desc) {
this.desc = desc;
public static AESGroupMode getGroupModeByCode(String code){
for (AESGroupMode value : AESGroupMode.values()) {
if(value.getCode().equals(code)){
return value;
return null;
public static String newKey(String key){
if(!StringUtils.hasLength(key)){
ExcpUtils.throwExp("new key should not be empty");
boolean fl = false;
int len = key.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8).length;
for (int keySize : AES_KEYSIZES) {
if(len == keySize){
fl = true;
break;
String newKey = key;
if(!fl){
List<Integer>
new_sizes = AES_KEYSIZES.stream().sorted(new Comparator<Integer>() {
@Override
public int compare(Integer o1, Integer o2) {
return o2-o1;
}).collect(Collectors.toList());
int length = 0;
for (int var0 = 0; var0 < new_sizes.size(); var0++) {
if(len > 0 && len < new_sizes.get(new_sizes.size()-1) && var0 == new_sizes.size()-1){
length = len;
}else if(new_sizes.get(var0) <= len){
length = new_sizes.get(var0);
if(new_sizes.get(var0) <= len || (len > 0 && len < new_sizes.get(new_sizes.size()-1)&& var0 == new_sizes.size()-1 ) ){
byte[] nKey = new byte[new_sizes.get(var0)];
for (int f = 0; f < new_sizes.get(var0); f++) {
nKey[f] = (byte)48;
System.arraycopy(key.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8),0,nKey,0,length);
newKey = new String(nKey, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
break;
return newKey;
public static String encryptStrAES(String text, String key, String groupMode){
if(!StringUtils.hasLength(text)){
ExcpUtils.throwExp("encode text should not be null or empty.");
byte[] encodeBytes = encryptByteAES(text.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), key, groupMode);
return Base64.encodeBase64String(encodeBytes);
public static String decryptStrAES(String text, String key, String groupMode){
if(!StringUtils.hasLength(text)){
ExcpUtils.throwExp("decode text should not be null or empty.");
byte[] decodeBytes = decryptByteAES(Base64.decodeBase64(text.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)), key, groupMode);
return new String(decodeBytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
public static byte[] encryptByteAES(byte[] originalBytes, String key, String groupMode){
if(ArrayUtils.isEmpty(originalBytes)){
ExcpUtils.throwExp("encode originalBytes should not be empty.");
if(!StringUtils.hasLength(key)){
ExcpUtils.throwExp("key :" + key + ", encode key should not be null or empty.");
Cipher cipher = getAESCipher(key, Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, groupMode);
byte[] encodeBytes = null;
try {
encodeBytes = cipher.doFinal(originalBytes);
} catch (IllegalBlockSizeException | BadPaddingException e) {
ExcpUtils.throwExp(e.getClass().getName()+": encode byte fail. "
+e.getMessage());
return encodeBytes;
public static byte[] decryptByteAES(byte[] encryptedBytes, String key, String groupMode){
if(ArrayUtils.isEmpty(encryptedBytes)){
ExcpUtils.throwExp("decode encryptedBytes should not be empty.");
if(!StringUtils.hasLength(key)){
ExcpUtils.throwExp("key :" + key + ", decode key should not be null or empty.");
Cipher cipher = getAESCipher(key, Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, groupMode);
byte[] decodeBytes = null;
try {
decodeBytes = cipher.doFinal(encryptedBytes);
} catch (IllegalBlockSizeException | BadPaddingException e) {
ExcpUtils.throwExp(e.getClass().getName()+": decode byte fail. "+e.getMessage());
return decodeBytes;
public static Cipher getAESCipher(String key, int mode, String groupMode){
if(!StringUtils.hasLength(key)){
ExcpUtils.throwExp("key :" + key + ", should not be null or empty.");
Cipher cipher = null;
SecretKey secretKey;
AESGroupMode gMode = AESGroupMode.getGroupModeByCode(groupMode);
AssertUtils.assertNonNull(gMode, "error!gMode is null!");
AESGroupMode aesGroupMode = Optional.ofNullable(gMode).orElse(AESGroupMode.ECB);
try {
byte[] keyBytes = null;
switch (aesGroupMode){
case ECB:
cipher = Cipher.getInstance(AES_ECB_MODE);
keyBytes = key.getBytes(UTF8);
secretKey = new SecretKeySpec(keyBytes, AES_ALGORITHM);
cipher.init(mode, secretKey);
break;
case CBC:
cipher = Cipher.getInstance(AES_CBC_MODE);
keyBytes = key.getBytes(UTF8);
secretKey = new SecretKeySpec(keyBytes, AES_ALGORITHM);
IvParameterSpec ivParameterSpec = new IvParameterSpec(new byte[16]);
cipher.init(mode, secretKey, ivParameterSpec);
break;
default:
ExcpUtils.throwExp("aesGroupMode not match, please check");
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException | NoSuchPaddingException e) {
ExcpUtils.throwExp(e.getClass().getName()+": get cipher instance wrong. "+e.getMessage());
} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException u){
ExcpUtils.throwExp(u.getClass().getName()+": key transfer bytes fail. "+u.getMessage());
} catch (InvalidKeyException | InvalidAlgorithmParameterException i) {
ExcpUtils.throwExp(i.getClass().getName()+": key is invalid. "+i.getMessage());
return cipher;
public static void main(String[] args) {
String msg = "小徐123testAes!!!";
String key = "0382f2bcbacfa8b0382f2bcbacfa8b0382f2bcbacfa8b0382f2bcbacfa8b0382f2bcbacfa8b";
System.out.println("转换前的秘钥长度:" + key.getBytes
(StandardCharsets.UTF_8).length);
System.out.println("转换后秘钥:"+newKey(key)+";长度:"+newKey(key).getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8).length);
System.out.println("AES秘钥长度只能为16、24、32:"+newKey(key).getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8).length);
String mode = "CBC";
String s = encryptStrAES(msg, newKey(key), mode);
System.out.println("加密后:"+s);
String s1 = decryptStrAES(s, newKey(key), mode);
System.out.println("解密后:"+s1);
使用CBC模式,相比于ECB模式,需要额外增加参数IvParameterSpec,且IvParameterSpec的参数字节数组大小,须为16字节,执行结果如下:
转换前的秘钥长度:75
转换后秘钥:0382f2bcbacfa8b0382f2bcbacfa8b03;长度:32
AES秘钥长度只能为16、24、32:32
加密后:U1SEYNpdwxiUbzTEpLgHv2yRr0wiOReAEiOhMfgrX1E=
解密后:小徐123testAes!!!
其余的工具类如下所示:
package com.xiaoxu.crawler.utils;
import com.xiaoxu.crawler.excp.CrawlerForJException;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils;
* @author xiaoxu
* @date 2022-11-06 15:50
* crawlerJ:com.xiaoxu.crawler.utils.AssertUtils
public class AssertUtils {
public static void assertTrue(boolean res, String errorMsg){
handlerError(res, errorMsg);
public static <T> void assertNonNull(T obj, String errorMsg){
handlerError(null != obj, errorMsg);
public static <T> void assertNonEmpty(String str, String errorMsg){
handlerError(null != str && !str.isEmpty(), errorMsg);
public static <T> void assertNonEmptyArray(T[] array, String errorMsg){
handlerError(!ArrayUtils.isEmpty(array), errorMsg);
private static void handlerError(boolean flag, String message){
if(!flag){
throw new CrawlerForJException(message);
package com.xiaoxu.crawler.utils;
import com.xiaoxu.crawler.excp.AccessParamException;
import com.xiaoxu.crawler.excp.CrawlerForJException;
import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
* @author xiaoxu
* @date 2022-11-06 16:04
* crawlerJ:com.xiaoxu.crawler.utils.ExcpUtils
public class ExcpUtils {
public static void throwExpIfFalse(boolean result,String msg){
if(StringUtils.hasLength(msg)&&!result){
throw new CrawlerForJException(msg);
}else if(!StringUtils.hasLength(msg)){
throw new AccessParamException(
String.format(
"调用throwExpIfFalse方法的msg不能为空:%s",msg));
public static void throwExp(String message){
if(StringUtils.hasLength(message)){
throw new CrawlerForJException(message);
}else{
throw new AccessParamException(
String.format("方法%s的参数不能为空:%s",
ExcpUtils.class.getSimpleName()
+Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[1].getMethodName(),
message));
块加密,常用的加密模式有ECB、CBC。ECB,即electronic code book,将整个明文分成若干段相同小段,然后每小段进行加密,每段互不依赖,可以并行处理,同样的明文就会生成同样的密文;CBC,即cipher block chaining,密文分组链模式,密文分组间如同链条相互连接,先将明文切割为若干段,每一小段与上一段的密文段运算后(第一个块没有上个密文段,故而使用IV进行运算),再同秘钥进行加密,因为是串行处理,所以同样明文每次生成的密文不一样。
package com.tbridge.bcgroup.workorder.utils;
import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
* @author Administrator
public class AES {
// 加密
public static String
一种高级加密标准(英语:Advanced Encryption Standard,缩写:AES)在密码学中又称Rijndael加密法。
美国联邦政府采用的一种区块加密标准。
这个标准用来替代原先的DES。
是对称密钥加密中最流行的算法之一。
学习AES算法首先了解三个点:密钥、填充和模式。
实现加密和解密的基础,对明文的加密和解密需要同一个密钥。AES128,AES192,AES256,实际上就是指AES算法对不
ref: https://www.cnblogs.com/3hhh/p/12701209.html
https://blog.csdn.net/u013871100/article/details/80100992
三种填充模式的区别(PKCS7Padding/PKCS5Padding/ZeroPadding)
某些加密算法要求明文需要按一定长度对齐,叫做块大小(BlockSize),比如16字节,那么对于一段任意的数据,加密前需要对最后一个块填充到16 字节,解密后需要删除掉填充的数据。
ZeroPa
前一久,在对接支付通道时,遇到上游使用AES加密方式,对方要求加密时使用CBC模式,zeropadding填充,偏移量为0000*4(即16个0),输出十六进制,字符集使用UTF-8。
本以为也没什么问题,可到实际开发时却发现Java虽然支持AES的CBC模式,但填充方式却没有zeropadding模式。通过查看文档,先梳理一下加密算法相关的知识。
JDK1.8支持的加密算法:
Cipher......
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
import javax.crypto.spec.IvParameterSpec;
import javax.crypto.spec.GCMParameterSpec;
public class AESCCMExample {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
byte[] key = hexStringToByteArray("00112233445566778899AABBCCDDEEFF");
byte[] nonce = hexStringToByteArray("112233445566778899AABBCC");
byte[] plaintext = "Hello World".getBytes("UTF-8");
// create a cipher object and initialize it for encryption
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/CCM/NoPadding", "BC");
SecretKeySpec keySpec = new SecretKeySpec(key, "AES");
GCMParameterSpec paramSpec = new GCMParameterSpec(128, nonce);
cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, keySpec, paramSpec);
// encrypt the plaintext
byte[] ciphertext = cipher.doFinal(plaintext);
// initialize the cipher for decryption
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, keySpec, paramSpec);
// decrypt the ciphertext and print the result
byte[] decryptedText = cipher.doFinal(ciphertext);
System.out.println(new String(decryptedText, "UTF-8"));
public static byte[] hexStringToByteArray(String s) {
int len = s.length();
byte[] data = new byte[len / 2];
for (int i = 0; i < len; i += 2) {
data[i / 2] = (byte) ((Character.digit(s.charAt(i), 16) << 4)
+ Character.digit(s.charAt(i+1), 16));
return data;
在这个示例中,我们使用了Bouncy Castle作为我们的JCA提供者,可以在代码中看到`Cipher.getInstance("AES/CCM/NoPadding", "BC")`。我们还需要提供AES加密所需的密钥和CCM模式所需的nonce值。然后,我们使用Cipher对象进行加密和解密,并将结果打印到控制台上。
需要注意的是,在实际使用中,需要根据具体的加密需求对参数进行更改,例如CCM模式需要设置nonce长度为7-13字节,并且需要根据加密算法的要求调整密钥长度等参数。