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Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2021 Dec 20; 41(12): 1864–1869.
PMCID: PMC8752433

Language: Chinese | English

新冠疫情期间中长跑锻炼完成情况对广州某高校学生心理健康状况的影响

Impact of middle- and long-distance running on mental health in college students in Guangzhou during COVID-19 outbreak

林 哲莹

广东轻工职业技术学院体育工作部,广东 广州 510220, Department of Sports Training, Guangdong Industry Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510220, China

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张 旭东

南方医科大学公共卫生学院,广东 广州 510515, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China

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陈 丽娟

广州体育学院,广东 广州 510500, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China

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冯 东亮

南方医科大学公共卫生学院,广东 广州 510515, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China

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刘 宁

广东轻工职业技术学院体育工作部,广东 广州 510220, Department of Sports Training, Guangdong Industry Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510220, China

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陈 哲颖

广州卫生职业技术学院,广东 广州 510450, Guangzhou Health Science College, Guangzhou 510450, China 广东轻工职业技术学院体育工作部,广东 广州 510220, Department of Sports Training, Guangdong Industry Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510220, China 南方医科大学公共卫生学院,广东 广州 510515, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China 广州体育学院,广东 广州 510500, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China 广州卫生职业技术学院,广东 广州 510450, Guangzhou Health Science College, Guangzhou 510450, China Achieve ( n =869)Not achieve ( n =153)*Age was displayed as Mean ± SD and student's t test was used for statistic analysis.Grade  Freshman571 (65.70)54 (35.30)625 (61.20)50.65< 0.001  Sophomore298 (34.30)99 (64.70)397 (38.80)Age (year)*19.78±1.1420.11±1.103.320.001Gender  Male467 (53.70)104(68.00)571 (55.90)10.690.001  Female402 (46.30)49 (32.00)451 (44.10)Major  Liberal arts30 (3.50)46(31.10)76 (7.40)133.85< 0.001  Science839 (96.50)107(69.90)946 (92.60)

2.2. 两组学生间BMI、中长跑锻炼平均总里程数及体质测试成绩对比分析

两组学生的BMI值无统计学差异( P >0.05)。此外,中长跑未完成组学生的体测成绩、平均总里程数低于中长跑锻炼完成组学生( P < 0.05, 表 2 )。

2

两组学生BMI与体质测试成绩比较

Comparison of BMI and physical test scores between the two groups

Items Achieve the middle-distance running requirement or not
Achieve( Mean ± SD ) Notachieve( Mean ± SD )
*Welch's t -test was used instead of student's t test because the variance of data from two group is not equal.
BMI (kg/m 2 )
20.6±3.20 20.6±3.20 0.14 0.888
Total running distance (km)*
66.52±9.49 21.51±20.46 26.783 < 0.001
Physical test scores*
72.22±8.10 70.08±10.44 2.88 0.004

2.3. 两组学生间三种量表得分及PTSD、焦虑、抑郁情况对比分析

校园中长跑锻炼完成组学生和未完成组学生的PCL-C、SDS、SAS量表得分无统计学差异( P >0.05, 表 3 )。按对应量表的划分标准,获得受调查学生的PTSD、焦虑、抑郁情况。结果表明,在所有受调查学生中,PTSD比例为15.90%,焦虑的比例为19.30%,抑郁的比例达56.50%,中长跑锻炼完成组的学生和未完成组的学生的PTSD、焦虑、抑郁情况无统计学差异( P >0.05, 表 4 )。

3

两组学生PCL-C、SAS、SDS量表得分情况比较

Comparison of the PCL-C, SAS, SDS scale scores between the two groups

Scale Achieve the middle-distance running requirement or not
Achieve (median (P25, P75*)) Not achieve (median (P25, P75*))
*P25 and P75: 25th percentile and 75th percentile, respectively.
PCL-C 23 (18, 32) 22 (17, 34) -0.22 0.824
SDS 42 (35, 50) 45 (37, 50) -1.89 0.059
SAS 32 (28, 37) 33 (28, 36) -0.50 0.62

4

两组学生PTSD、焦虑、抑郁情况比较

Comparison of PTSD, anxiety, depression status between the two groups

Scale Achieve the middle-distance running requirement or not Total χ 2
Achieve ( n =869) Not achieve ( n =153)
*PTSD: post-traumatic stress disorder.
PTSD*
Positive 137 (15.80%) 26 (17.00%) 163 (15.90%) 0.15 0.702
Negative 732 (84.20%) 127 (83.00%) 859 (84.10%)
Anxiety
Positive 168 (19.30%) 29 (19.00%) 197 (19.30%) 0.01 0.913
Negative 701 (80.70%) 124(81.00%) 825 (80.70%)
Depression
Positive 483 (55.60%) 94 (61.40%) 577 (56.50%) 1.82 0.178
Negative 386 (44.40%) 59 (38.60%) 445 (43.50%)

2.4. 受调查学生中PTSD、焦虑、抑郁情况的logistic回归分析

logistic回归结果表明,中长跑锻炼完成情况对疫情期间学生的PTSD、焦虑、抑郁情况无影响,但体测成绩对PTSD、焦虑、抑郁情况有影响。对于PTSD而言,体测分数每提高一分,PTSD的风险则为原来的0.97倍,是PTSD发生的保护因素,OR值及其95%置信区间为0.97(0.95,0.98)( 表 5 )。对于焦虑情况而言,而体测成绩每提高一分,出现焦虑的可能性为原来的1.02倍,表现为危险因素,OR值及其95%置信区间为1.73(1.02,2.94)( 表 6 )。对于抑郁情况情况而言,而体测分数每提高一分,抑郁的风险则为原来的0.99倍,为保护因素,OR值及其95%置信区间为0.98(0.97,0.99)( 表 7 )。此外,logistic回归结果还表明,年级与年龄与PTSD的发生风险正相关(OR及95%置信区间分别为1.89(1.24,2.89)、1.19(1.02,1.39));文科专业学生在疫情期间发生焦虑的风险更高(OR及95%置信区间为1.02(1.01,1.04));男生在疫情期间具有更高的抑郁风险[OR及95%置信区间为1.43(1.11,1.85)]( 表 5 )。

5

PTSD情况的二元Logistic回归结果

Binary logistic analysis of PTSD

Factor Variable Coefficient
Grade
Freshman ref
Sophomore 0.64 0.003 1.89 (1.24, 2.89)
Gender
Female ref
Male 0.17 0.372 1.18(0.82, 1.71)
Age 0.17 0.029 1.19(1.02, 1.39)
Major
Science ref
Liberal arts -0.71 0.109 0.49(0.21, 1.17)
Achievement of the middle-distance running 0.28 0.275 1.33 (0.80, 2.20)
BMI -0.04 0.196 0.96(0.91, 1.02)
Physical test scores -0.04 < 0.001 0.97 (0.95, 0.98)

6

焦虑情况的二元Logistic回归结果

Binary logistic analysis of anxiety

Variable Coefficient OR(95% CI )
Grade
Freshman ref
Sophomore -0.06 0.742 0.94 (0.64, 1.37)
Gender
Female ref
Male 0.08 0.646 1.08 (0.78, 1.51)
Age < 0.01 0.958 1.00 (0.85, 1.17)
Major
Science ref
Liberal arts 0.55 0.044 1.73 (1.02, 2.94)
Achievement of the middle-distance running -0.19 0.438 0.82 (0.50, 1.35)
BMI < 0.01 0.967 1.00 (0.95, 1.06)
Physical test scores 0.02 0.027 1.02 (1.01, 1.04)

7

抑郁情况的二元Logistic回归结果

Binary logistic analysis of depression

Variable Coefficient OR(95% CI )
Grade
Freshman ref
Sophomore 0.11 0.478 1.12 (0.82, 1.51)
Gender
Female ref
Male 0.36 0.006 1.43 (1.11, 1.85)
Age 0.03 0.685 1.03 (0.90, 1.17)
Major
Science ref
Liberal arts -0.14 0.599 0.87 (0.52, 1.47)
Achievement of the middle-distance running 0.22 0.263 1.25 (0.85, 1.84)
BMI -0.02 0.431 0.98 (0.94, 1.03)
Physical test scores -0.02 0.005 0.98 (0.97, 0.99)

3. 讨论

本结果显示,中长跑锻炼对学生的PTSD、焦虑、抑郁情况无直接影响,但中长跑锻炼对学生的体测分数存在影响,同时,体测分数对学生的PTSD、焦虑、抑郁状态均存在影响,提示规律且适量的中长跑锻炼可能通过提升学生身体素质,进而对疫情期间学生心理健康起到间接的促进作用。

调查结果显示,受调查学生中,焦虑的占比为19.3%,抑郁的占比达56.5%,均高于非疫情期间学生的焦虑及抑郁比例,甚至高于疫情期间部分学生的焦虑及抑郁的比例 [ 15 , 16 ] ,并存在PTSD的表现,表明了自疫情以来,该高校学生的心理健康受到比较明显的影响,焦虑及抑郁表现均较疫情时期更高,也表明了该高校受此轮疫情波及期间,学生的心理受到了进一步冲击,加剧了心理健康损害 [ 15 ] ,学生心理健康问题比例进一步增加。上述结果充分说明,高校学生是疫情期间出现心理问题的高危群体,疫情对于高校学生的心理健康影响必须重视 [ 16 - 18 ]

在单因素分析结果中,中长跑完成组学生与未完成组学生间的量表得分及PTSD、焦虑、抑郁情况均无统计学差异,提示此高校学生中长跑锻炼完成情况可能对于学生的心理健康无直接的作用。但基本信息比较结果也表明,中长跑锻炼完成组学生及中长跑锻炼未完成组学生间在年级、年龄、性别、文理科情况上均存在差异,可能对单因素分析的结果造成一定的影响,因此需要纳入包括基本信息及中长跑锻炼完成情况在内的因素进行logistic回归分析进一步确定中长跑锻炼完成情况与学生心理健康间的关系。对于体测分数而言,虽然其单因素分析结果可能受到两组学生基本信息差异的影响,但鉴于单因素分析结果得到的P值较小( P =0.004),且使用倾向性评分匹配对基本信息进行校正后(最优匹配法,匹配比例不固定,匹配后中长跑锻炼完成组为230人,中长跑锻炼未完成组仍为153人),中长跑锻炼完成组体测成绩仍然高于中长跑锻炼未完成组( P < 0.05),提示中长跑锻炼的完成情况对学生的体测分数存在关联,即按标准完成适量的中长跑运动对学生的身体素质具有促进作用 [ 19 ]

二元logistic回归分析结果表明,校园中长跑锻炼完成情况对学生的心理健康没有影响,但体测分数对疫情发生期间本高校学生的PTSD、焦虑、抑郁均有影响。结合单因素分析中中长跑锻炼情况对体测分数存在影响的结果,可以认为,体测分数是中长跑锻炼完成情况与学生PTSD情况、焦虑情况、抑郁情况的中间变量,即体测分数能收到中长跑锻炼完成情况的影响,同时又影响疫情期间学生的心理健康状况 [ 20 ] 。Logistic回归结果表明,更高的体测分数是疫情期间学生发生PTSD及抑郁的保护因素。但对于焦虑而言表现为危险因素。作为承载校园中长跑锻炼积极效应的指标,体测分数成为焦虑的危险因素这一结果与本调查最初的设想有悖。出现这种结果的原因既有可能是由于抽样误差引起,特别是校园中长跑锻炼不达标的学生中,跑步里程数的变异较大,可能是样本误差的主要来源之一;亦或是存在着某些不便控制或未考虑的混杂因素,如本调查发起时,正值学生的期末考试阶段,学生面临的考试压力会引起焦虑应激,对结果产生了干扰 [ 21 - 23 ] 。此外,尚有文献表明,部分学生由于认知有误,对校园长跑存在较强的抵触心理,因此在校园长跑的实行过程中,可能会引起这部分学生的应激反应,导致焦虑的发生,引起混杂 [ 24 - 26 ]

体测分数作为一项反应学生身体素质的指标,能够受到跑步运动的影响,即中长跑运动能够通过提升学生身体素质 [ 27 ] ,而良好的身体素质对心理健康具有促进作用 [ 8 ] ,因此,提升学生身体素质水平是中长跑锻炼在疫情期间促进学生心理健康水平的一个可能的、合理的机制,通过中长跑运动促进学生身体素质乃至心理健康的提升的初衷是正确的 [ 28 - 30 ] ,中长跑锻炼完成组的体测成绩高于中长跑锻炼未完成组的体测成绩也进一步证实了上述观点。但有系统综述表明 [ 31 ] ,长跑运动能够直接改善心理健康状态,降低焦虑、抑郁的发生风险,与本调查的结果存在差异。与本调查相比,综述中涵盖的调查为普通人群,与本调查中涉及的调查对象有所不同,另外也可能与样本量有关。

因此,规律且适量的中长跑锻炼能够通过增加学生的锻炼水平,提升学生身体素质,促进学生心理健康。此外,某些与设想相悖的结果也提示校园中长跑锻炼活动的实施存在进一步改进的空间,应采取措施增加其在学生中的接受度,从而保证校园中长跑锻炼活动规律、可持续的施行。

Biography

林哲莹,硕士,助理研究员,E-mail: moc.qq@25155833

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