CRC(Cyclic Redundancy Check)循环冗余校验是常用的数据校验方法,讲CRC算法的文章很多,之所以还要写这篇,是想换一个方法介绍CRC算法,希望能让大家更容易理解CRC算法。

先说说什么是数据校验。数据在传输过程(比如通过网线在两台计算机间传文件)中,由于传输信道的原因,可能会有误码现象(比如说发送数字5但接收方收到的却是6),如何发现误码呢?方法是发送额外的数据让接收方校验是否正确,这就是数据校验。最容易想到的校验方法是和校验,就是将传送的数据(按字节方式)加起来计算出数据的总和,并将总和传给接收方,接收方收到数据后也计算总和,并与收到的总和比较看是否相同。如果传输中出现误码,那么总和一般不会相同,从而知道有误码产生,可以让发送方再发送一遍数据。

CRC校验也是添加额外数据做为校验码,这就是CRC校验码,那么CRC校验码是如何得到的呢?

非常简单,CRC校验码就是将数据除以某个固定的数(比如ANSI-CRC16中,这个数是0x18005),所得到的余数就是CRC校验码。

那这里就有一个问题,我们传送的是一串字节数据,而不是一个数据,怎么将一串数字变成一个数据呢?这也很简单,比如说2个字节B1,B2,那么对应的数就是(B1<<8)+B2;如果是3个字节B1,B2,B3,那么对应的数就是((B1<<16)+(B2<<8)+B3),比如数字是0x01,0x02,0x03,那么对应的数字就是0x10203;依次类推。如果字节数很多,那么对应的数就非常非常大,不过幸好CRC只需要得到余数,而不需要得到商。

从上面介绍的原理我们可以大致知道CRC校验的准确率,在CRC8中出现了误码但没发现的概率是1/256,CRC16的概率是1/65536,而CRC32的概率则是1/2^32,那已经是非常小了,所以一般在数据不多的情况下用CRC16校验就可以了,而在整个文件的校验中一般用CRC32校验。

这里还有个问题,如果被除数比除数小,那么余数就是被除数本身,比如说只要传一个字节,那么它的CRC就是它自己,为避免这种情况,在做除法之前先将它移位,使它大于除数,那么移多少位呢?这就与所选的固定除数有关了,左移位数比除数的位数少1,下面是常用标准中的除数:
CRC8:多项式是X8+X5+X4+1,对应的数字是0x131,左移8位
CRC12:多项式是X12+X11+X3+X2+1,对应的数字是0x180D,左移12位
CCITT CRC16:多项式是X16+X12+X5+1,对应的数字是0x11021,左移16位
ANSI CRC16:多项式是X16+X15+X2+1,对应的数字是0x18005,左移16位
CRC32:多项式是X32+X26+X23+X22+X16+X12+X11+X10+X8+X7+X5+X4+X2+X1+1,对应数字是0x104C11DB7,左移32

因此,在得到字节串对应的数字后,再将数字左移M位(比如ANSI-CRC16是左移16位),就得到了被除数。

好了,现在被除数和除数都有了,那么就要开始做除法求CRC校验码了。CRC除法的计算过程与我们笔算除法类似,首先是被除数与除数高位对齐后,被除数减去除数,得到了差,除数再与差的最高位对齐,进行减法,然后再对齐再减,直到差比除数小,这个差就是余数。不过和普通减法有差别的是,CRC的加(减)法是不进(借)位的,比如10减01,它的结果是11,而不是借位减法得到的01,因此,实际上CRC的加法和减法所得的结果是一样的,比如10加01的结果是11,10减01的结果也是11,这其实就是异或操作。虽然说了这么多也不一定能说清楚,我们还是看一段CRC除法求余程序吧:

unsigned short crc16_div()
unsigned long data = 0x880000;
unsigned long ccitt16 = 0x11021;
好了,现在我们已经会计算0x88的CRC校验码了,它只是对0x880000做除法运算求余数而已,不过这只是求单字节的CRC校验码,那如果有十多个字节怎么办?我们的计算机也存不下那么大的数呀,看来我们还要对程序进行些改进,使它能对大数求除法了。

unsigned short crc16_div_2()
现在对单字节0x88求CRC16,我们只需要两字节short型的整数就行了,而不需要象以前必须用long型0x880000,其实不管多少字节,只用short型就能够计算它的CRC16。下面说说怎么求多字节的样验码:

当我们求得一个字节(比如0x88)的CRC校验码后,如果这时又有一个字节(比如0x23)加入,需要求校验码,该怎么办呢?以前得到的是0x880000除以0x11021的余数,但现在需要得到的是0x88230000除以0x11021的余数,以前求得的校验码是不是白费了?不是的,因为当我们得到0x880000除以0x11021的余数(这里余数是0x1080)后,需要求0x88230000除以0x11021的余数,只要将原来的余数0x1080左移8位除以0x11021就得到了0x98000000除以0x11021的余数(想一想为什么),再加上0x230000除以0x11021的余数。这其实就是求0x108000+0x230000除以0x11021的余数.。因此根据这个方法,我们就可以写出求多个字节的CRC算法:

unsigned short crc16_ccitt(unsigned char data, unsigned short unsigned short ccitt16 = 0x1021;
int i;
crc ^= (data<<8);
呵呵,其实使用CRC表是为了节省一些运算时间,事先将算好的CRC保存在数组里,省得临时再计算,它保存的是0到0xff的CRC码,下面我们来自己生成一个CRC表:

unsigned short CRC16_CCITT_TABLE[256];

void init_crc16_ccitt_table()
int i;
for (i=0; i<256; i++)
CRC16_CCITT_TABLE[i] = crc16_ccitt(i, 0);
上面只是一个字节的CRC表,那多个字节的CRC如何计算呢?与前面求多字节的CRC方法差不多,它的代码如下:

unsigned short crc16_ccitt_2(unsigned char data, unsigned short unsigned char c;

c = crc >> 8;
crc <<= crc ^= CRC16_CCITT_TABLE[data ^ c];
return crc;
最后要说的是CRC的正序和反转问题,比如前面ccitt-crc16的正序是0x1021,如果是反转就是0x8408(就是将0x1021倒过来低位变高位)为什么要反转?这是因为数据传输可能是先传低位再传高位(比如串口就是低位在前高位在后)。反转的CRC算法与正序类似,只是需要注意移位的方向相反。

unsigned short crc16_ccitt_r(unsigned char data, unsigned short unsigned short ccitt16 = 0x8408;
int i;
crc ^= data;
for (i=0; i<8; i++)
if (crc & 1)
crc >>= 1;
crc ^= ccitt16;
crc >>= 1;
return crc;
unsigned short crc16_ccitt_r2(unsigned char data, unsigned short unsigned char c;
c = crc & 0xff;
crc >>= 8;
crc ^= CRC16_CCITT_R_TABLE[data ^ c];
return crc;
文章到这里就结束了,随blog附有两个C程序,一个是这篇文章的全部源程序的例子,一个是crc16的查表程序,可是不知道怎么添加附件,就把CRC16表及其例程写在下面:

unsigned short CRC16_TABLE[256] = {
0x0000, 0x8005, 0x800F, 0x000A, 0x801B, 0x001E, 0x0014, 0x8011,
0x8033, 0x0036, 0x003C, 0x8039, 0x0028, 0x802D, 0x8027, 0x0022,
0x8063, 0x0066, 0x006C, 0x8069, 0x0078, 0x807D, 0x8077, 0x0072,
0x0050, 0x8055, 0x805F, 0x005A, 0x804B, 0x004E, 0x0044, 0x8041,
0x80C3, 0x00C6, 0x00CC, 0x80C9, 0x00D8, 0x80DD, 0x80D7, 0x00D2,
0x00F0, 0x80F5, 0x80FF, 0x00FA, 0x80EB, 0x00EE, 0x00E4, 0x80E1,
0x00A0, 0x80A5, 0x80AF, 0x00AA, 0x80BB, 0x00BE, 0x00B4, 0x80B1,
0x8093, 0x0096, 0x009C, 0x8099, 0x0088, 0x808D, 0x8087, 0x0082,
0x8183, 0x0186, 0x018C, 0x8189, 0x0198, 0x819D, 0x8197, 0x0192,
0x01B0, 0x81B5, 0x81BF, 0x01BA, 0x81AB, 0x01AE, 0x01A4, 0x81A1,
0x01E0, 0x81E5, 0x81EF, 0x01EA, 0x81FB, 0x01FE, 0x01F4, 0x81F1,
0x81D3, 0x01D6, 0x01DC, 0x81D9, 0x01C8, 0x81CD, 0x81C7, 0x01C2,
0x0140, 0x8145, 0x814F, 0x014A, 0x815B, 0x015E, 0x0154, 0x8151,
0x8173, 0x0176, 0x017C, 0x8179, 0x0168, 0x816D, 0x8167, 0x0162,
0x8123, 0x0126, 0x012C, 0x8129, 0x0138, 0x813D, 0x8137, 0x0132,
0x0110, 0x8115, 0x811F, 0x011A, 0x810B, 0x010E, 0x0104, 0x8101,
0x8303, 0x0306, 0x030C, 0x8309, 0x0318, 0x831D, 0x8317, 0x0312,
0x0330, 0x8335, 0x833F, 0x033A, 0x832B, 0x032E, 0x0324, 0x8321,
0x0360, 0x8365, 0x836F, 0x036A, 0x837B, 0x037E, 0x0374, 0x8371,
0x8353, 0x0356, 0x035C, 0x8359, 0x0348, 0x834D, 0x8347, 0x0342,
0x03C0, 0x83C5, 0x83CF, 0x03CA, 0x83DB, 0x03DE, 0x03D4, 0x83D1,
0x83F3, 0x03F6, 0x03FC, 0x83F9, 0x03E8, 0x83ED, 0x83E7, 0x03E2,
0x83A3, 0x03A6, 0x03AC, 0x83A9, 0x03B8, 0x83BD, 0x83B7, 0x03B2,
0x0390, 0x8395, 0x839F, 0x039A, 0x838B, 0x038E, 0x0384, 0x8381,
0x0280, 0x8285, 0x828F, 0x028A, 0x829B, 0x029E, 0x0294, 0x8291,
0x82B3, 0x02B6, 0x02BC, 0x82B9, 0x02A8, 0x82AD, 0x82A7, 0x02A2,
0x82E3, 0x02E6, 0x02EC, 0x82E9, 0x02F8, 0x82FD, 0x82F7, 0x02F2,
0x02D0, 0x82D5, 0x82DF, 0x02DA, 0x82CB, 0x02CE, 0x02C4, 0x82C1,
0x8243, 0x0246, 0x024C, 0x8249, 0x0258, 0x825D, 0x8257, 0x0252,
0x0270, 0x8275, 0x827F, 0x027A, 0x826B, 0x026E, 0x0264, 0x8261,
0x0220, 0x8225, 0x822F, 0x022A, 0x823B, 0x023E, 0x0234, 0x8231,
0x8213, 0x0216, 0x021C, 0x8219, 0x0208, 0x820D, 0x8207, 0x0202,
unsigned short CRC16R_TABLE[256] = {
0x0000, 0xC0C1, 0xC181, 0x0140, 0xC301, 0x03C0, 0x0280, 0xC241,
0xC601, 0x06C0, 0x0780, 0xC741, 0x0500, 0xC5C1, 0xC481, 0x0440,
0xCC01, 0x0CC0, 0x0D80, 0xCD41, 0x0F00, 0xCFC1, 0xCE81, 0x0E40,
0x0A00, 0xCAC1, 0xCB81, 0x0B40, 0xC901, 0x09C0, 0x0880, 0xC841,
0xD801, 0x18C0, 0x1980, 0xD941, 0x1B00, 0xDBC1, 0xDA81, 0x1A40,
0x1E00, 0xDEC1, 0xDF81, 0x1F40, 0xDD01, 0x1DC0, 0x1C80, 0xDC41,
0x1400, 0xD4C1, 0xD581, 0x1540, 0xD701, 0x17C0, 0x1680, 0xD641,
0xD201, 0x12C0, 0x1380, 0xD341, 0x1100, 0xD1C1, 0xD081, 0x1040,
0xF001, 0x30C0, 0x3180, 0xF141, 0x3300, 0xF3C1, 0xF281, 0x3240,
0x3600, 0xF6C1, 0xF781, 0x3740, 0xF501, 0x35C0, 0x3480, 0xF441,
0x3C00, 0xFCC1, 0xFD81, 0x3D40, 0xFF01, 0x3FC0, 0x3E80, 0xFE41,
0xFA01, 0x3AC0, 0x3B80, 0xFB41, 0x3900, 0xF9C1, 0xF881, 0x3840,
0x2800, 0xE8C1, 0xE981, 0x2940, 0xEB01, 0x2BC0, 0x2A80, 0xEA41,
0xEE01, 0x2EC0, 0x2F80, 0xEF41, 0x2D00, 0xEDC1, 0xEC81, 0x2C40,
0xE401, 0x24C0, 0x2580, 0xE541, 0x2700, 0xE7C1, 0xE681, 0x2640,
0x2200, 0xE2C1, 0xE381, 0x2340, 0xE101, 0x21C0, 0x2080, 0xE041,
0xA001, 0x60C0, 0x6180, 0xA141, 0x6300, 0xA3C1, 0xA281, 0x6240,
0x6600, 0xA6C1, 0xA781, 0x6740, 0xA501, 0x65C0, 0x6480, 0xA441,
0x6C00, 0xACC1, 0xAD81, 0x6D40, 0xAF01, 0x6FC0, 0x6E80, 0xAE41,
0xAA01, 0x6AC0, 0x6B80, 0xAB41, 0x6900, 0xA9C1, 0xA881, 0x6840,
0x7800, 0xB8C1, 0xB981, 0x7940, 0xBB01, 0x7BC0, 0x7A80, 0xBA41,
0xBE01, 0x7EC0, 0x7F80, 0xBF41, 0x7D00, 0xBDC1, 0xBC81, 0x7C40,
0xB401, 0x74C0, 0x7580, 0xB541, 0x7700, 0xB7C1, 0xB681, 0x7640,
0x7200, 0xB2C1, 0xB381, 0x7340, 0xB101, 0x71C0, 0x7080, 0xB041,
0x5000, 0x90C1, 0x9181, 0x5140, 0x9301, 0x53C0, 0x5280, 0x9241,
0x9601, 0x56C0, 0x5780, 0x9741, 0x5500, 0x95C1, 0x9481, 0x5440,
0x9C01, 0x5CC0, 0x5D80, 0x9D41, 0x5F00, 0x9FC1, 0x9E81, 0x5E40,
0x5A00, 0x9AC1, 0x9B81, 0x5B40, 0x9901, 0x59C0, 0x5880, 0x9841,
0x8801, 0x48C0, 0x4980, 0x8941, 0x4B00, 0x8BC1, 0x8A81, 0x4A40,
0x4E00, 0x8EC1, 0x8F81, 0x4F40, 0x8D01, 0x4DC0, 0x4C80, 0x8C41,
0x4400, 0x84C1, 0x8581, 0x4540, 0x8701, 0x47C0, 0x4680, 0x8641,
0x8201, 0x42C0, 0x4380, 0x8341, 0x4100, 0x81C1, 0x8081, 0x4040,
unsigned short CCITT_CRC16_TABLE[256] = {
0x0000, 0x1021, 0x2042, 0x3063, 0x4084, 0x50A5, 0x60C6, 0x70E7,
0x8108, 0x9129, 0xA14A, 0xB16B, 0xC18C, 0xD1AD, 0xE1CE, 0xF1EF,
0x1231, 0x0210, 0x3273, 0x2252, 0x52B5, 0x4294, 0x72F7, 0x62D6,
0x9339, 0x8318, 0xB37B, 0xA35A, 0xD3BD, 0xC39C, 0xF3FF, 0xE3DE,
0x2462, 0x3443, 0x0420, 0x1401, 0x64E6, 0x74C7, 0x44A4, 0x5485,
0xA56A, 0xB54B, 0x8528, 0x9509, 0xE5EE, 0xF5CF, 0xC5AC, 0xD58D,
0x3653, 0x2672, 0x1611, 0x0630, 0x76D7, 0x66F6, 0x5695, 0x46B4,
0xB75B, 0xA77A, 0x9719, 0x8738, 0xF7DF, 0xE7FE, 0xD79D, 0xC7BC,
0x48C4, 0x58E5, 0x6886, 0x78A7, 0x0840, 0x1861, 0x2802, 0x3823,
0xC9CC, 0xD9ED, 0xE98E, 0xF9AF, 0x8948, 0x9969, 0xA90A, 0xB92B,
0x5AF5, 0x4AD4, 0x7AB7, 0x6A96, 0x1A71, 0x0A50, 0x3A33, 0x2A12,
0xDBFD, 0xCBDC, 0xFBBF, 0xEB9E, 0x9B79, 0x8B58, 0xBB3B, 0xAB1A,
0x6CA6, 0x7C87, 0x4CE4, 0x5CC5, 0x2C22, 0x3C03, 0x0C60, 0x1C41,
0xEDAE, 0xFD8F, 0xCDEC, 0xDDCD, 0xAD2A, 0xBD0B, 0x8D68, 0x9D49,
0x7E97, 0x6EB6, 0x5ED5, 0x4EF4, 0x3E13, 0x2E32, 0x1E51, 0x0E70,
0xFF9F, 0xEFBE, 0xDFDD, 0xCFFC, 0xBF1B, 0xAF3A, 0x9F59, 0x8F78,
0x9188, 0x81A9, 0xB1CA, 0xA1EB, 0xD10C, 0xC12D, 0xF14E, 0xE16F,
0x1080, 0x00A1, 0x30C2, 0x20E3, 0x5004, 0x4025, 0x7046, 0x6067,
0x83B9, 0x9398, 0xA3FB, 0xB3DA, 0xC33D, 0xD31C, 0xE37F, 0xF35E,
0x02B1, 0x1290, 0x22F3, 0x32D2, 0x4235, 0x5214, 0x6277, 0x7256,
0xB5EA, 0xA5CB, 0x95A8, 0x8589, 0xF56E, 0xE54F, 0xD52C, 0xC50D,
0x34E2, 0x24C3, 0x14A0, 0x0481, 0x7466, 0x6447, 0x5424, 0x4405,
0xA7DB, 0xB7FA, 0x8799, 0x97B8, 0xE75F, 0xF77E, 0xC71D, 0xD73C,
0x26D3, 0x36F2, 0x0691, 0x16B0, 0x6657, 0x7676, 0x4615, 0x5634,
0xD94C, 0xC96D, 0xF90E, 0xE92F, 0x99C8, 0x89E9, 0xB98A, 0xA9AB,
0x5844, 0x4865, 0x7806, 0x6827, 0x18C0, 0x08E1, 0x3882, 0x28A3,
0xCB7D, 0xDB5C, 0xEB3F, 0xFB1E, 0x8BF9, 0x9BD8, 0xABBB, 0xBB9A,
0x4A75, 0x5A54, 0x6A37, 0x7A16, 0x0AF1, 0x1AD0, 0x2AB3, 0x3A92,
0xFD2E, 0xED0F, 0xDD6C, 0xCD4D, 0xBDAA, 0xAD8B, 0x9DE8, 0x8DC9,
0x7C26, 0x6C07, 0x5C64, 0x4C45, 0x3CA2, 0x2C83, 0x1CE0, 0x0CC1,
0xEF1F, 0xFF3E, 0xCF5D, 0xDF7C, 0xAF9B, 0xBFBA, 0x8FD9, 0x9FF8,
0x6E17, 0x7E36, 0x4E55, 0x5E74, 0x2E93, 0x3EB2, 0x0ED1, 0x1EF0,
unsigned short CCITT_CRC16R_TABLE[256] = {
0x0000, 0x1189, 0x2312, 0x329B, 0x4624, 0x57AD, 0x6536, 0x74BF,
0x8C48, 0x9DC1, 0xAF5A, 0xBED3, 0xCA6C, 0xDBE5, 0xE97E, 0xF8F7,
0x1081, 0x0108, 0x3393, 0x221A, 0x56A5, 0x472C, 0x75B7, 0x643E,
0x9CC9, 0x8D40, 0xBFDB, 0xAE52, 0xDAED, 0xCB64, 0xF9FF, 0xE876,
0x2102, 0x308B, 0x0210, 0x1399, 0x6726, 0x76AF, 0x4434, 0x55BD,
0xAD4A, 0xBCC3, 0x8E58, 0x9FD1, 0xEB6E, 0xFAE7, 0xC87C, 0xD9F5,
0x3183, 0x200A, 0x1291, 0x0318, 0x77A7, 0x662E, 0x54B5, 0x453C,
0xBDCB, 0xAC42, 0x9ED9, 0x8F50, 0xFBEF, 0xEA66, 0xD8FD, 0xC974,
0x4204, 0x538D, 0x6116, 0x709F, 0x0420, 0x15A9, 0x2732, 0x36BB,
0xCE4C, 0xDFC5, 0xED5E, 0xFCD7, 0x8868, 0x99E1, 0xAB7A, 0xBAF3,
0x5285, 0x430C, 0x7197, 0x601E, 0x14A1, 0x0528, 0x37B3, 0x263A,
0xDECD, 0xCF44, 0xFDDF, 0xEC56, 0x98E9, 0x8960, 0xBBFB, 0xAA72,
0x6306, 0x728F, 0x4014, 0x519D, 0x2522, 0x34AB, 0x0630, 0x17B9,
0xEF4E, 0xFEC7, 0xCC5C, 0xDDD5, 0xA96A, 0xB8E3, 0x8A78, 0x9BF1,
0x7387, 0x620E, 0x5095, 0x411C, 0x35A3, 0x242A, 0x16B1, 0x0738,
0xFFCF, 0xEE46, 0xDCDD, 0xCD54, 0xB9EB, 0xA862, 0x9AF9, 0x8B70,
0x8408, 0x9581, 0xA71A, 0xB693, 0xC22C, 0xD3A5, 0xE13E, 0xF0B7,
0x0840, 0x19C9, 0x2B52, 0x3ADB, 0x4E64, 0x5FED, 0x6D76, 0x7CFF,
0x9489, 0x8500, 0xB79B, 0xA612, 0xD2AD, 0xC324, 0xF1BF, 0xE036,
0x18C1, 0x0948, 0x3BD3, 0x2A5A, 0x5EE5, 0x4F6C, 0x7DF7, 0x6C7E,
0xA50A, 0xB483, 0x8618, 0x9791, 0xE32E, 0xF2A7, 0xC03C, 0xD1B5,
0x2942, 0x38CB, 0x0A50, 0x1BD9, 0x6F66, 0x7EEF, 0x4C74, 0x5DFD,
0xB58B, 0xA402, 0x9699, 0x8710, 0xF3AF, 0xE226, 0xD0BD, 0xC134,
0x39C3, 0x284A, 0x1AD1, 0x0B58, 0x7FE7, 0x6E6E, 0x5CF5, 0x4D7C,
0xC60C, 0xD785, 0xE51E, 0xF497, 0x8028, 0x91A1, 0xA33A, 0xB2B3,
0x4A44, 0x5BCD, 0x6956, 0x78DF, 0x0C60, 0x1DE9, 0x2F72, 0x3EFB,
0xD68D, 0xC704, 0xF59F, 0xE416, 0x90A9, 0x8120, 0xB3BB, 0xA232,
0x5AC5, 0x4B4C, 0x79D7, 0x685E, 0x1CE1, 0x0D68, 0x3FF3, 0x2E7A,
0xE70E, 0xF687, 0xC41C, 0xD595, 0xA12A, 0xB0A3, 0x8238, 0x93B1,
0x6B46, 0x7ACF, 0x4854, 0x59DD, 0x2D62, 0x3CEB, 0x0E70, 0x1FF9,
0xF78F, 0xE606, 0xD49D, 0xC514, 0xB1AB, 0xA022, 0x92B9, 0x8330,
0x7BC7, 0x6A4E, 0x58D5, 0x495C, 0x3DE3, 0x2C6A, 0x1EF1, 0x0F78,
unsigned short get_crc16(unsigned char data, unsigned short unsigned char c;

c = crc >> 8;
crc <<= 8;
crc ^= CRC16_TABLE[data ^ c];
return crc;
unsigned short get_crc16r(unsigned char data, unsigned short unsigned char c;
c = crc & 0xff;
crc >>= 8;
crc ^= CRC16R_TABLE[data ^ c];
return crc;
unsigned short get_ccitt_crc16(unsigned char data, unsigned short unsigned char c;

c = crc >> 8;
crc <<= 8;
crc ^= CCITT_CRC16_TABLE[data ^ c];
return crc;
unsigned short get_ccitt_crc16r(unsigned char data, unsigned short unsigned char c;
c = crc & 0xff;
crc >>= 8;
crc ^= CCITT_CRC16R_TABLE[data ^ c];
return crc;