);
aa.testfun();
上面的代码,在编译时就会报警:warning: returning reference to temporary [-Wreturn-local-addr] return Test(3);
代码结果如下:
this is Test(3) ctor
this is Test(3) dtor
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
实际上,最后的段错误有可能发生,也有可能不发生,重要的是,const Test &aa = fun();之后,aa已经是个空悬引用了。
a temporary bound to a reference member in a constructor initializer list persists only until the constructor exits, not as long as the object exists. (note: such initialization is ill-formed as of DR 1696). (until C++14)
在initializer list形式的构造函数中,如果临时对象绑定到一个对象A的引用成员中,则该临时对象的生命期在构造函数结束后就会结束,并不跟随对象A的生命期而得到延长。但是这一条规则在C++14之后就不再使用了。下面的代码验证了这一点:
S ss {1, Test(1) };
printf("over\n");
ss.mt.testfun();
代码的结果如下:
this is Test(1) ctor
this is 1 testfun
this is Test(1) dtor
this is S dtor
可见,S中的引用成员mt绑定到了一个临时对象,该临时对象的生命期跟随ss而得到了延长。
a temporary bound to a reference parameter in a function call exists until the end of the full expression containing that function call: if the function returns a reference, which outlives the full expression, it becomes a dangling reference.
如果函数参数为引用,当临时对象绑定到该参数上时,其生命期一直持续到包含该函数调用的表达式的结束,如果该函数又返回了该引用,则该引用成为空悬引用:
const Test & fun3(const Test &a){
a.testfun();
return a;
int main(int argc, char **argv){
const Test &a = fun3(Test(2)).testfun();
printf("over\n");
a.testfun();
代价结果如下:
this is Test(2) ctor
this is 2 testfun
this is 2 testfun
this is Test(2) dtor
this is 2 testfun
尽管最后的testfun打印出了结果,但是这是未定义行为。
a temporary bound to a reference in the initializer used in a new-expression exists until the end of the full expression containing that new-expression, not as long as the initialized object. If the initialized object outlives the full expression, its reference member becomes a dangling reference.
如果临时对象绑定到了一个在new表达式中初始化的引用,则该临时对象的生命期一直持续到包含new的表达式的结束,而不是跟随new出来的对象的生命期而得到延长,此时,该对象中的引用成员在表达式结束之后,就成了空悬引用:
S *p = new S{1, Test(3) };
printf("p->mi is %d\n", p->mi);
p->mt.testfun();
代码结果如下:
this is Test(3) ctor
this is Test(3) dtor
p->mi is 1
this is 3 testfun
尽管最后的testfun打印出了结果,但是这是未定义行为。
In general, the lifetime of a temporary cannot be further extended by "passing it on": a second reference, initialized from the reference to which the temporary was bound, does not affect its lifetime.
一般而言,临时对象的生命期并不能随着引用的传递而得到延长:如果临时对象绑定到了引用A,而使用引用A又初始化了引用B,这种情况下,引用B对临时对象的生命周期没有影响。
https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/reference_initialization