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Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi. 2020 Jan 20; 23(1): 55–59.
PMCID: PMC7007393

Language: Chinese | English

可手术的局部晚期非小细胞肺癌的新希望:新辅助免疫治疗

Promise of Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy in Resected Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

姚 舒洋

100053 北京,首都医科大学宣武医院胸科 首都医科大学肺癌诊疗中心, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Diagnostic and Treatment Centers of Lung Cancer, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China

Find articles by 姚 舒洋

张 毅

100053 北京,首都医科大学宣武医院胸科 首都医科大学肺癌诊疗中心, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Diagnostic and Treatment Centers of Lung Cancer, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China 100053 北京,首都医科大学宣武医院胸科 首都医科大学肺癌诊疗中心, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Diagnostic and Treatment Centers of Lung Cancer, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China q2w ,4个月和纳武单抗480 mg iv q4w ,8个月,术后治疗共满1年。研究计划招募46例患者。主要研究终点为24个月DFS率。已经入组了30例患者,其中13例已完成手术。化疗联合免疫治疗的耐受性良好,没有患者治疗拖延。没有患者因为疾病进展(progressive disease, PD)或毒性在术前退出研究。总体临床缓解率评估中,完全缓解(complete remission, CR)为5%,PR为65%。术后病理缓解率评估中,9例(69.2%, 95%CI: 38.6-90.9%)患者取得pCR,2例患者取得MPR。总有效率(overall response rate, ORR)为84.6%(95%CI: 54.6-98.1%)。虽然由于试验开展较晚,试验患者的DFS、OS等指标还没成熟,但NADIM试验80%的病理学显著缓解率,已经是化疗时代最好数据的3倍。

2.3. 免疫治疗联合免疫治疗的新辅助临床研究

在单药治疗和联合化疗之外,免疫治疗联合免疫治疗也是一种思路。NEOSTAR试验就对比了纳武单抗与纳武单抗联合伊匹单抗作为新辅助治疗,治疗可手术切除的NSCLC患者。两组患者1:1随机分组,每组计划入22例,一组在第1天、第15天、第29天使用纳武单抗(3 mg/kg, iv )另一组为纳武单抗联合伊匹单抗(1 mg/kg, iv ,第1天),之后接受手术治疗。截止2018年9月6日,33例患者被随机,单药组17例,联合组16例,30例完成了新辅助治疗,26例完成了手术。总MPR率为26%(8/31),单药组为25%,联合组为27%。共有5例pCR(单药组2例,联合组3例)。影像学评估ORR为19%。手术并发症包括1例支气管胸膜瘘。治疗相关的不良事件包括1例5级AE死亡(单药组,糖皮质激素治疗肺炎继发的支气管胸膜瘘),其他均为2级-3级AEs。探索性研究结果发现与单药组相比,联合组能诱导不同的T细胞亚群出现更多的增殖,这可能导致了不同的抗肿瘤免疫应答机制。

表 1 列出了其他还在进行中的针对可手术切除的NSCLC新辅助免疫治疗相关的临床研究。全球正在开展的4项国际多中心Ⅲ期临床研究均以免疫治疗联合化疗做为新辅助主要方案。CheckMate816研究已完成入组,期待明年能够看到更多大样本量的Ⅲ期研究数据,丰富免疫联合化疗在新辅助研究阶段的数据,并进一步明确其在该人群中的应用价值和安全性。

1

NSCLC中正在进行的新辅助ICI试验

Ongoing neoadjuvant ICI trials in NSCLC

NSCLC ClinicalTrials.gov identifier Study name Phase of the clinical trial Trial status Estimated enrollment
NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; ICI: immune checkpoint inhibitor; PD-1: programmed cell death protein 1.
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT03237377","term_id":"NCT03237377"}} NCT03237377 Neoadjuvant immunoradiation for resectable NSCLC Phase Ⅱ Recruiting 32
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT03197467","term_id":"NCT03197467"}} NCT03197467 Neoadjuvant anti PD-1 immunotherapy in resectable NSCLC (NEOMUN) Phase Ⅱ Recruiting 30
NCTO3081689 Neo-adjuvant immunotherapy with nivolumab for NSCLC patients Phase Ⅱ Active, not recruiting 46
NCTO2994576 Atezolizurnab as induction therapy in NSCLC (PRINCEPS) Phase Ⅱ Recruiting 60
NCTO2818920 Neoadjuvant pembrolizumab (TOP 1501) Phase Ⅱ Recruiting 32
NCTO2927301 A study of atezolizumab as neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy in resectable NSCLC-lung cancer mutation consortium (LCMC3) Phase Ⅱ Recruiting 180
NCTO2572843 Anti-PD-L1 in stage IIIa (N2) NSCLC Phase Ⅱ Recruiting 68
NCTO2716038 Neoadjuvant MPDL3280A, nab-paclitaxel and carboplatin (MAC) in NSCLC Phase Ⅱ Recruiting 30
NCTO3158129 Study of induction checkpoint blockade for untreated stage Ⅰ-Ⅲa NSCLC amenable for surgical resection Phase Ⅱ Recruiting 66
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT03732664","term_id":"NCT03732664"}} NCT03732664 Neoadjuvant nivolumab in resectable NSCLC Phase Ⅰ Recruiting 40

3. 新辅助免疫治疗的目前存在的挑战

3.1. 潜在的风险

虽然新辅助免疫治疗前景光明,而ICI诱导的免疫相关AE,尤其是与其他药物联合使用时,可能会影响根治性手术的进行和最终的效果。这些免疫相关AE可以用免疫调节药物如糖皮质激素进行治疗,在一些患者中还会应用英夫利西单抗或其他免疫抑制药物 [ 16 ] 。目前尚不知使用免疫抑制药物治疗免疫相关AE是否会影响长期的RFS。但是从已经进行的NSCLC新辅助免疫治疗的相关研究中,没有患者因免疫相关AE而推迟既定手术的时间点,这说明了新辅助治疗的可行性。

3.2. 尚未解答的问题

现在还有很多关于新辅助免疫治疗尚无法回答的问题。最关键的问题就是需要随机对照的Ⅲ期临床研究来证明新辅助免疫治疗与辅助免疫治疗相比,能更进一步改善生存。

其他的问题还包括:①手术与新辅助免疫治疗的时机问题。临床前在小鼠模型中评估新辅助免疫治疗的研究中,小鼠两次抗体治疗后接受手术,每次治疗间隔两天。结果,发现治疗时间的变化--推迟或缩短新辅助治疗后手术的时间能明显影响总生存 [ 17 ] 。该研究中发现在新辅助治疗之后延长肿瘤抗原的暴露时间会导致T细胞由活化状态重新回到功能障碍的状态。确定最佳的新辅助免疫治疗后的手术时机非常具有挑战性。在确定手术时间之前,更重要的是弄明白在哪个时间点T细胞活化后的效应最强。现在,国际新辅助黑色素瘤协会建议临床上采用新辅助治疗时间为6周-8周。这基于各个研究的结果以及为了防止没有疗效患者的病情进展。②如何更好的监测新辅助免疫治疗的效果。传统的做法是通过影像学检查结果,根据世界卫生组织的标准或RECIST标准判断肿瘤负荷的变化来进行治疗效果的临床评估。而在新辅助免疫治疗中,通过传统的评估标准可能低估病理有效率(pCR或MPR),而pCR和MPR是RFS的最佳预测因子。免疫治疗后病理学特征性的改变包括:淋巴细胞浸润(淋巴细胞、浆细胞、淋巴样聚集、巨噬细胞)同时伴有瘢痕愈合样特点(纤维细胞增生和新生血管的形成)。除此以外,我们还需要更多的生物标志物来进行疗效的评估。Forde研究 [ 13 ] 中发现无论是在肿瘤组织中还是在外周血中,新生抗原特异性T细胞数量明显上升,因此认为肿瘤突变负荷(tumor mutational burden, TMB)可能作为疗效的预测因子。然而,与之相悖的是今年WCLC上公布了2项晚期肺癌的研究结果 [ 18 , 19 ] ,发现TMB与免疫治疗的疗效没有相关性。一项Ⅲ期黑色素瘤的研究中发现循环肿瘤细胞DNA(circulating tumor DNA, ctDNA)可能是独立生存预测因子 [ 20 ] 。ctDNA也许是另一个有希望的生物标志物。一项Ⅱ期的NSCLC新辅助研究发现了免疫治疗能导致CD4 + 和CD8 + 细胞明显激活 [ 21 ] 。CA209-159试验的最新结果显示ctDNA清除以及外周血T细胞增殖可能是疗效预测和监测复发的潜在预测因子。然而,ctDNA和外周血T细胞与MPR甚至OS或DFS是否相关尚不明确。此外,血液收集过程、收集管类型、抗凝剂、血样储存条件、分离血浆的离心速度和血浆储存条件均是临床ctDNA标准化的限制因素。因此,下一步可以寻找能反映肿瘤-免疫系统相互作用和免疫系统-宿主相互作用的生物学标志物,这样有助于临床医生明确哪些患者会从新辅助免疫治疗中获益最多。③哪种新辅助免疫治疗更好?根据前述研究结果,在NSCLC新辅助治疗阶段,两种治疗方案比如化疗联合ICI的疗效数据更好,我们期待头对头的单药与联合治疗的结果,以及观察联合用药的耐受性问题。

4. 结语

综上所述,根据临床前研究结果以及已经报道的相关临床研究的结果,新辅助免疫治疗有可能成为高复发风险早期NSCLC患者治疗的标准治疗。虽然在ICI新辅助治疗后手术时机的选择,疗效的评价标准,免疫相关的AEs的处理以及治疗方案的最优化方面还需要更多的工作,我们满怀信心期待着未来更多的临床试验带来更丰富的结果,解决这些问题。

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