数据访问层设计的好坏直接影响到写代码的心情：）--- 其实直接影响的是测试。
个人以为，开始一个新工程时首先应该完成数据访问层（Data Access Layer,DAL），这一层应该完全独立。原则：除了DAL，任何层都不应该操作数据库。
我们首先实现Repository （仓储）模式：
DAL层结构：
DataAccessLayer
|——Contacts(接口和抽象类)
|——具体实现类
1. IRepository ：仓储类接口
public interface IRepository<TEntity> where TEntity : class
TEntity Add(TEntity t);
Task<TEntity> AddAsyn(TEntity t);
int Count();
Task<int> CountAsync();
void Delete(TEntity entity);
Task<int> DeleteAsyn(TEntity entity);
void Dispose();
TEntity Find(Expression<Func<TEntity, bool>> match);
IEnumerable<TEntity> FindAll(Expression<Func<TEntity, bool>> match);
Task<IEnumerable<TEntity>> FindAllAsync(Expression<Func<TEntity, bool>> match);
Task<TEntity> FindAsync(Expression<Func<TEntity, bool>> match);
IEnumerable<TEntity> FindBy(Expression<Func<TEntity, bool>> predicate);
Task<IEnumerable<TEntity>> FindByAsyn(Expression<Func<TEntity, bool>> predicate);
TEntity Get(int id);
IEnumerable<TEntity> GetAll();
Task<IEnumerable<TEntity>> GetAllAsyn();
Task<TEntity> GetAsync(int id);
void Save();
Task<int> SaveAsync();
TEntity Update(TEntity t, object key);
Task<TEntity> UpdateAsyn(TEntity t, object key);
这是所有Repository类的父类，其中的方法根据需要增减；注意其中集合类的返回类型都是IEnumerable，而不是ICollection，因为我们不想让外部类操作数据库。IEnumerable不能Query。
2. Repository：所有仓储类的基类
public class Repository<T> : IRepository<T> where T : class
protected DbContext _context;
public Repository(DbContext dbContext)
_context = dbContext;
public IEnumerable<T> GetAll()
return _context.Set<T>();
public virtual async Task<IEnumerable<T>> GetAllAsyn()
return await _context.Set<T>().ToListAsync();
public virtual T Get(int id)
return _context.Set<T>().Find(id);
public virtual async Task<T> GetAsync(int id)
return await _context.Set<T>().FindAsync(id);
public virtual T Add(T t)
_context.Set<T>().Add(t);
_context.SaveChanges();
return t;
public virtual async Task<T> AddAsyn(T t)
_context.Set<T>().Add(t);
await _context.SaveChangesAsync();
return t;
public virtual T Find(Expression<Func<T, bool>> match)
return _context.Set<T>().SingleOrDefault(match);
public virtual async Task<T> FindAsync(Expression<Func<T, bool>> match)
return await _context.Set<T>().SingleOrDefaultAsync(match);
public IEnumerable<T> FindAll(Expression<Func<T, bool>> match)
return _context.Set<T>().Where(match).ToList();
public async Task<IEnumerable<T>> FindAllAsync(Expression<Func<T, bool>> match)
return await _context.Set<T>().Where(match).ToListAsync();
public virtual void Delete(T entity)
_context.Set<T>().Remove(entity);
_context.SaveChanges();
public virtual async Task<int> DeleteAsyn(T entity)
_context.Set<T>().Remove(entity);
return await _context.SaveChangesAsync();
public virtual T Update(T t, object key)
if (t == null)
return null;
T exist = _context.Set<T>().Find(key);
if (exist != null)
_context.Entry(exist).CurrentValues.SetValues(t);
_context.SaveChanges();
return exist;
public virtual async Task<T> UpdateAsyn(T t, object key)
if (t == null)
return null;
T exist = await _context.Set<T>().FindAsync(key);
if (exist != null)
_context.Entry(exist).CurrentValues.SetValues(t);
await _context.SaveChangesAsync();
return exist;
public int Count()
return _context.Set<T>().Count();
public async Task<int> CountAsync()
return await _context.Set<T>().CountAsync();
public virtual void Save()
_context.SaveChanges();
public async virtual Task<int> SaveAsync()
return await _context.SaveChangesAsync();
public virtual IEnumerable<T> FindBy(Expression<Func<T, bool>> predicate)
IEnumerable<T> query = _context.Set<T>().Where(predicate);
return query;
public virtual async Task<IEnumerable<T>> FindByAsyn(Expression<Func<T, bool>> predicate)
return await _context.Set<T>().Where(predicate).ToListAsync();
private bool disposed = false;
protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
if (!this.disposed)
if (disposing)
_context.Dispose();
this.disposed = true;
public void Dispose()
Dispose(true);
GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
此类的主要作用是对接口方法进行集中实现，工程中具体仓储类继承此类后就不用再实现这些方法了。
3. 具体仓储类
假设我们的领域类中有个Blog：
public class Blog
[Key]
public int BlogId { get; set; }
public string Title { get; set; }
public string CreatedBy { get; set; }
public DateTime? CreatedOn { get; set; }
public string UpdatedBy { get; set; }
public DateTime? UpdatedOn { get; set; }
public virtual List<Post> Posts { get; set; }
我们应该对其实现一个仓储类，在此之前，应该设计此具体仓储类的接口（面向接口编程）
public interface IBlogRepository : IRepository<Blog>
Blog GetByTitle(string blogTitle);
添加了一个根据标题获取数据的方法
public class BlogRepository : Repository<Blog>, IBlogRepository
public BlogRepository(DbContext dbContext) : base(dbContext) { }
public Blog GetByTitle(string blogTitle)
return GetAll().FirstOrDefault(x => x.Title == blogTitle);
add override methods
public async Task<Blog> GetSingleAsyn(int blogId)
return await _context.Set<Blog>().FindAsync(blogId);
public override Blog Update(Blog t, object key)
Blog exist = _context.Set<Blog>().Find(key);
if (exist != null)
t.CreatedBy = exist.CreatedBy;
t.CreatedOn = exist.CreatedOn;
return base.Update(t, key);
public async override Task<Blog> UpdateAsyn(Blog t, object key)
Blog exist = await _context.Set<Blog>().FindAsync(key);
if (exist != null)
t.CreatedBy = exist.CreatedBy;
t.CreatedOn = exist.CreatedOn;
return await base.UpdateAsyn(t, key);
可以看到，它继承了仓储基类和接口，这样基类中的方法就自动实现了；然后实现接口中添加的方法就行。同时，由于基类中的方法都是虚方法，这里也可以对其进行重写。
4. RepositoryWrapper(可选)
随着领域类越来越多，我们就要写越来越多的仓储类，每个都注入或者new很麻烦，这时，我们可以将工程中的仓储类包装一下：
首先是接口类：
public interface IRepositoryWrapper
IBlogRepository Blog { get; }
public class RepositoryWrapper : IRepositoryWrapper
private DataContext _dataContext;
private IBlogRepository _blogRepository;
public RepositoryWrapper(DataContext dataContext)
_dataContext = dataContext;
public IBlogRepository Blog
if (_blogRepository is null)
_blogRepository = new BlogRepository(_dataContext);
return _blogRepository;
这就是Repository模式的全部内容。
5. 在Asp.net Core项目中消费仓储类
首先在Startup中注册IOC：
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
services.AddMvc().SetCompatibilityVersion(CompatibilityVersion.Version_2_2);
services.AddSingleton<IRepositoryWrapper, RepositoryWrapper>();
我们在Controller中消费仓储类：
[Route("api/[controller]")]
[ApiController]
public class BlogController : Controller
private readonly IRepositoryWrapper _repositoryWrapper;
public BlogController(IRepositoryWrapper repositoryWrapper)
_repositoryWrapper = repositoryWrapper;
[Route("~/api/GetBlogs")]
[HttpGet]
public async Task<IEnumerable<Blog>> Index()
return await _repositoryWrapper.Blog.GetAllAsyn();
[Route("~/api/AddBlog")]
[HttpPost]
public async Task<Blog> AddBlog([FromBody]Blog blog)
await _repositoryWrapper.Blog.AddAsyn(blog);
await _repositoryWrapper.Blog.SaveAsync();
return blog;
[Route("~/api/UpdateBlog")]
[HttpPut]
public async Task<Blog> UpdateBlog([FromBody]Blog blog)
var updated = await _repositoryWrapper.Blog.UpdateAsyn(blog, blog.BlogId);
return updated;
[Route("~/api/DeleteBlog/{id}")]
[HttpDelete]
public string Delete(int id)
_repositoryWrapper.Blog.Delete(_repositoryWrapper.Blog.Get(id));
return "Employee deleted successfully!";
protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
_repositoryWrapper.Blog.Dispose();
base.Dispose(disposing);
6. Unit Of Work（UOW）
Unit Of Work
可以看到，UOW就是在Repository外部包了薄薄的一层，进一步进行了代码隔离。所以Repository是UOW的前提。个人感觉，UOW可做可不做，上面介绍的Repository Pattern已经能满足大部分开发要求。并且很方便测试。
首先是IUnitOfWork接口：
public interface IUnitOfWork:IDisposable
IRepository<User> Users { get; }
Task Commit();
UOW类：
public class UnitOfWork : IUnitOfWork
private bool disposed = false;
private IRepository<User> _userRepo;
private readonly RepositoryContext _repositoryContext;
public UnitOfWork(RepositoryContext repositoryContext)
_repositoryContext = repositoryContext;
public IRepository<User> Users
if (_userRepo is null)
_userRepo = new UserReposiory(_repositoryContext);
return _userRepo;
public async Task Commit()
await _repositoryContext.SaveChangesAsync();
protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
if (!this.disposed && disposing)
_repositoryContext.Dispose();
this.disposed = true;
public void Dispose()
Dispose(true);
GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
StartUp(IOC)
services.AddTransient<IUnitOfWork, UnitOfWork>();
Controller
[Route("api/user")]
[ApiController]
public class UserController : ControllerBase
private readonly DAL.UnitOfWork _unitOfWork;
public UserController(DAL.UnitOfWork unitOfWork)
_unitOfWork = unitOfWork;
public async Task<IActionResult> GetAll()
return Ok(await _unitOfWork.Users.GetAll());
贴出工程DAL层结构：