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Supplementary information (16M, pdf)

Peer Review File (4.9M, pdf)

Source data

Source data (1.9M, xlsx)

Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFE0104200, P.W., Y.T., Y.Z.), National Natural Science Foundation of China (52175274, 82172065, and 51875310, P.W.), and Tsinghua-Toyota Joint Research Fund (P.W.) and Tsinghua Precision Medicine Foundation (P.W.); Y.W. would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Shuimu fellowship of Tsinghua University.

Author contributions

Y.W. and Y.Q. conceived the idea; P.W. planned the study; Y.W. designed the machine-learning framework; Y.L. and B.P. wrote the relevant code; Y.Q. contributed to the digital design framework. J.D. and Y.Q. performed the FEM simulation and analysis; J.D., B.P., and A.L. performed the experiments; Y.W., B.P., J.D., and Y.Q. wrote the manuscript; B.P., Y.W., and Y.Q. designed and produced the figures. Y.T., L.H., and Y.Z. provided theoretical support. All authors participated in discussions and commented on the manuscript.

Peer review

Peer review information

Nature Communications thanks the anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. A peer review file is available.

Data availability

The training datasets of the 3D-CAE and 3D-CNNs, and the FEM simulation dataset generated in this study have been deposited in the GitHub repository at https://github.com/Bop2000/GAD-MALL , ref. 72 . Source data are provided with this paper.

Code availability

The codes for the workflow of the GAD-MALL method, other state-of-the-art active learning algorithms, finite element methods and its automation pipeline, and the TPMS structure generation algorithm are publicly available in the GitHub repository at https://github.com/Bop2000/GAD-MALL , ref. 72 .

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Footnotes

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

These authors contributed equally: Bo Peng, Ye Wei, Yu Qin.

These authors jointly supervised this work: Ye Wei, Yu Qin, Peng Wen.

Contributor Information

Ye Wei, ed.nehcaa-htwr@iew.ey .

Yu Qin, moc.621@59uyniq .

Peng Wen, nc.ude.auhgnist@gnepnew .

Supplementary information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41467-023-42415-y.

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